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1 local summer time
местное летнее время
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[Я.Н.Лугинский, М.С.Фези-Жилинская, Ю.С.Кабиров. Англо-русский словарь по электротехнике и электроэнергетике, Москва]Тематики
- электротехника, основные понятия
EN
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > local summer time
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2 local summer time
Техника: местное летнее время -
3 local summer time
Англо-русский словарь по электроэнергетике > local summer time
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4 time
время@time of central maximumвремя наблюдения центрального лепестка интерференционной картины@time of conjuctionвремя [момент] соединения@time of maximumмомент максимума@time of meridian passageмомент прохождения (светила) через меридиан; момент кульминации@time of observationвремя [момент] наблюдения@time of startмомент начала (вспышки,например)@apparent timeистинное время@apparent solar timeистинное солнечное время@astronomical timeастрономическое (звездное) время; среднее солнечное время@atomic timeатомное время@averaging timeвремя усреднения@barycentric dynamical timeвремя, использующееся в днамических уравнениях лвижения@British summer time1.время, опережающее гринвичское на один час 2.летнее время@Central{ (standard) timeамер. центральное поясное время между 90° и 150° западной долготы@Central winter timeамер. центральное зимнее время между 900° и 105° западной долготы@civil timeгражданское (поясное) время@crossing timeотношение диаметра галактического скопления к средней скорости хаотического движения ее членов@daylight saving timeаналог летнего времени@development timeвремя проявления@dynamical mean timeсреднее динамическое время@Eastern standard timeвосточное поясное время@ephemeris timeэфемеридное время@exposure timeэкспозиция@fixation timeвремя фиксирования@Greenwich timeгринвичское время@Greenwich civil timeгринвичское гражданское (от полуночи) время@Greenwich mean timeгринвичское среднее время@Hubble timeвозраст наблюдаемой части Вселенной; продолжительность эпохи расширения Вселенной@life timeпродолжительность жизни; время существования@local timeместное время@local apparent timeистинное местное время@local civil timeместное гражданское (поясное) время@local geomagnetic timeместное геомагнитное время@local mean timeместное среднее время@local standard timeместное поясное время@look-back timeпромежуток времени, в течение которого излучение идет от небесных объектов к наблюдателю; относящийся к прошлому момент испускания далеким объектом принимаемого сейчас света@mean time1.среднее время 2.среднее солнечное время@mean life timeсреднее время жизни@mean sidereal timeсреднее звездное время@mean solar timeсреднее солнечное время@natural life timeестественная продолжительность жизни@Newtonian timeабсолютное время@observation timeнаблюдательное время@observing timeвремя [длительность] наблюдения@proper timeсобственное время@Pacific standard timeтихоокеанское поясное время@sidereal timeзвездное время@sidereal time at mean midnightзвездное время в среднюю полночь@solar timeсолнечное время; истинное солнечное время@spacetimeкосмическое время (в общей теории относительности)@standard timeпоясное время@storage time1.время накопления информации 2.выдержка@summer timeлетнее время@telescope timeвремя, в течение которого телескоп используется для наблюдений@terrestrial dynamical timeземное динамическое время (разновидность эфемеридного времени)@transit timeмомент прохождения через меридиан; момент кульминации@true timeистинное время@uniform sidereal timeравномерное звездное время@unit timeединица времени@Universal{ (UT) timeВсемирное время@Universal coordinated timeВсемирное координированное время@zone timeпоясное время@z-time{ (zulu-time)название Всемирного времени в США@zulu-timeсм. z-time@ -
5 time
1) время || измерять [определять\] время; отмечать время; хронометрировать2) период [интервал\] времени4) срок; длительность, продолжительность5) темп; такт6) хронировать; синхронизировать; осуществлять привязку по времени7) регулировать взаимное положение фаз периодических процессов•time on — время включения; продолжительность пребывания во включенном состоянии;time to failure — наработка на отказ;time to repair — 1. наработка до ремонта 2. время ремонта-
absolute time
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acceleration time
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acceptance time
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access time
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acquisition time
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action time
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active repair time
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actual airborne time
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actual time
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actuation time
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addition time
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add time
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addressing time
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administrative time
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advance time
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ageing time
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aging time
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air cutting time
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air time
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alignment time
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annealing time
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apparent time
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arcing time
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arc time
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arrestment time
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arrival time
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assembly time
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astronomical time
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atomic time
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attack time
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attenuation time
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average time
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averaging time
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backup time
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baking time
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base transit time
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basin lag time
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batch-free time
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block-to-block time
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blowing time
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braking time
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break contact release time
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bridging time
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bubble penetration time
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bubble waiting time
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build up time
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burning time
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burn-off time
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burst time
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caging time
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calendar time
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capture time
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carbonizing time
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carrier transit time
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cell production time
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chambering time
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changeover time
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characteristic time
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charge time
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check-in time
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chill time
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chock-to-chock time
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civil time
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clear time
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clearing time
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clipping time
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closing time
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compilation time
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computer time
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conditioning time
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contact time
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continuous recording time
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continuous time
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conversion time
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cooking time
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cool time
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critical time
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cumulative cutting time
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cumulative operating time
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cure time
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current impulse time
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current time
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current-rise time
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cutoff time
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cutting time
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cutting-in time
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cycle time
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damping time
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data-hold time
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daylight saving time
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dead time
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debatable time
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debugging time
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debug time
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decay time
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deceleration time
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definite minimum inverse operating time
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definite operating time
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deionization time
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delay time
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departure time
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detention time
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development time
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discharge time
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disconnection time
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discrete time
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divide time
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door-to-door time
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down time
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drift-transit time
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drift time
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drive time
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dropout time
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dust-free time
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dwelling time
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dwell time
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early finish time
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early start time
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effective time
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elapsed time
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emptying time
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engine ground test time
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engine operating time
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engine run-in time
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engineering time
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entry time
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ephemeris time
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erase time
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error-free running time
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estimated elapsed time
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estimated time of checkpoint
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execution time
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exposure time
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extinction time
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fall time
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fast time
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fault clearing time
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fault time
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fetch time
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firing time
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first copy-out time
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flash-off time
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flight block time
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flight dual instruction time
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flight duty time
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flight time
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flooding time
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floor-to-floor time
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flotation time
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flushing time
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flyover time
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forepumping time
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forge time
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freezing time
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fuel-doubling time
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fueling time
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fuel-residence time
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full operating time
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fusing time
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gate-controlled delay time
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gate-controlled rise time
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gate-controlled turn-on time
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gate-controlled-turn-off time
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gating time
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generation time
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Greenwich mean time
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gross-coking time
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ground operating time
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group delay time
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guard time
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gyro erection time
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handling time
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heat time
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high-water time
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holding time
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hold time
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hold-off time
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idle running time
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idle time
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ignition time
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impulse front time
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impulse tail time
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incidental time
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ineffective time
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initial setting time
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in-pile time
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installation time
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instruction time
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instrument flight time
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interaction time
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interarrival time
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interpulse time
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interrupting time
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intrinsic time
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ionization time
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keeping time
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lag time of flow
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lag time
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landing gear extension time
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latency time
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lead time
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leading-edge time
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life time
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local time
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lockage time
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locking time
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low-water time
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machine time
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maintenance time
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make contact operating time
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make contact release time
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make time
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make-break time
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manipulation time
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Markov's time
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Markov time
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maximum permissible short-circuit clearing time
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mean time between failures
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mean time between power failures
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melting time
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mill delay time
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mill pacing time
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mixing time
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modal transit time
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monolayer time
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moving time
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multiplication time
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near-real time
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Newtonian time
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no-load running time
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nonreal time
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normally-closed contact release time
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nuclear time
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nucleation time
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object time
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observation time
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off time
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off-stream time
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on time
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on-stream time
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opening time
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operating time
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operator's time
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optimized contact time
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orbit phasing time
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outage time
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output voltage setup time
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overall cycle time
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paralysis time
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partial operating time
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particle residence time
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peak-load time
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periodic time
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pickup time
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plasma time
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playing time
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poison override time
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predetermined time
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preroll time
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preset time
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press down time
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pressure resistance time
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prestrike time
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production pitch time
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productive time
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program fetch time
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program testing time
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propagation delay time
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propagation time
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proper time
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pulling-out time
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pull-out time
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pull-in time
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pull-up time
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pulse fall time
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pulse rise time
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pulse time
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ramp time
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reaction time
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read time
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readiness time
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reading readout time
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reading time
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real time
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recession time
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reclosing dead time
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reclosing time
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recovery time
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reference time
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release time
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remaining life time
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repair time
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reset time
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residence time
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response time
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restoration time
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retention time
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retrace time
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retrieval time
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reverberation time
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reversal time
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rewind time
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rig time
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rig total operating time
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rig-down time
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rig-up time
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rise time
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rolling time
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roughing time
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round-trip time
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route-setting time
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run time
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run-down time
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running time
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running-down time
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running-in time
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run-up time
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scheduled departure time
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screen time
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search time
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seed-free time
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seek time
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selection time
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self-extinction time
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service time
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serviceable time
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servicing time
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set time
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setting time
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settling time
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setup time
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shelf time
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shipping time
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ship time
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shot time
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sidereal time
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signal modulation time
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signal transit time
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simulated time
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sludging time
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snubbing time
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soaking time
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solar time
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sowing time
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specified time
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spending time
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spray-on time
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stabilization time
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standard time
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standing time
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starting time
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start time
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station time
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stay-down time
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stock-descent time
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stop time
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stopping time
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storage time
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subtraction time
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subtract time
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succession time
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summer time
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sweep time
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switchgear operating time
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switching time
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switchover time
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tack-free time
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takedown time
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tap-to-tap time
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task time
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thermal death time
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throughput time
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time of arrival
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time of coincidence
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time of delivery
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time of fall
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time of flight
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time of persistence
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time of swing
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tool-in-cut time
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track time
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traffic release time
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trailing-edge time
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trailing time
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transfer time
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transient time
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transit time
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transition time
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translating time
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transmission time
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traveling time
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travel time
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trigger time
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trip time
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troubleshooting time
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true time
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turnaround time
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turn-off time
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turn-on time
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turnover time
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turnround time
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unit time
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universal time
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up time
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useful time
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vehicle-off-the-road time
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viewing time
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waiting time
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wait time
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waiting-on-cement time
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warm-up time
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wavefront time
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wavetail time
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write time
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Zebra time
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zero time
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zonal time
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Zulu time -
6 time
taɪm
1. сущ.
1) а) время in/on one's own time ≈ в свободное время on time амер. ≈ точно, вовремя make time б) обыкн. мн. времена, эпоха before (behind) the times (или one's time) ≈ передовой (отсталый) по взглядам
2) а) срок to do time разг. ≈ отбывать тюремное заключение serve one's time б) век, жизнь;
возраст в) рабочее время
3) а) раз times out of( или without) number ≈ бесчисленное количество раз б) муз. темп, такт keep time в) спорт интервал между раундами (в боксе) г) тайм, период и другие соответствующие название частей цельного матча в различных играх ∙ to sell time амер. ≈ предоставлять время для выступления по радио или телевидению (за плату), предоставлять эфирное время (за плату на радио или телевидении) lost time is never found again посл. ≈ потерянного времени не воротишь
2. гл.
1) а) удачно выбирать время, приурочивать б) назначать время, рассчитывать( по времени)
2) спорт показывать такое-то время (на круге, в гонке, заезде и т. п.)
3) танцевать в такт, играть в такт и т.п. время - absolute * абсолютное время - space and * пространство и время - with *, in (the) course of *, in (the) process of *, as * goes с течением времени;
по мере того, как идет время;
в конце концов - from the beginning of * с сотворения мира - to the end of * до скончания века, до конца мира - in the retrospect of * сквозь призму времени /прошлого/ - in the mists of * во мраке времени;
канувший в Лету - the accumulation of prejudices over * рост предрассудков на протяжении( многих) веков - as old as * старый как мир - to bear the test of * выдерживать испытание временем - * will show время покажет;
поживем - увидим - * alone could answer the question только время могло дать ответ на этот вопрос - * flies время бежит - * presses /is short/ время не терпит - * hangs heavy on one's hands время медленно тянется - * is precious время дорого - the unity of * (театроведение) единство времени время (мера длительности, система отсчета) - Moscow * московское время - Greenwich * время по Гринвичу, среднеевропейское время - mean * среднее (солнечное) время - astronomical * астрономическое время - ship's * время на борту( корабля) - sidereal * звездное время - daylight-saving /summer/ * летнее время время выполнения( чего-л.) - average * среднее время( выполнения операции) - estimated * расчетное время - real * реальный масштаб времени - countdown * время обратного счета (при запуске ракеты и т. п.) - machine * (компьютерное) машинное время - to sell (machine) * продавать машинное время период времени - a long * длительное время - he was there a long * он пробыл там долго - a long * ago много лет тому назад - after a long * много времени спустя - it took him a long * to do it /in doing it/, he took a long * doing it /over it/ ему потребовалось /у него ушло/ немало времени, чтобы сделать это;
он немало с этим провозился - what a long * he's taking! как долго он копается!;
сколько же можно копаться? - some * некоторое время - I didn't see him at the club for some * некоторое время я не встречал его в клубе - all the *, the whole * все( это) время, всегда - they were with us all the * /the whole */ они все время были с нами - all the * we were working в течение всего времени, что мы работали - he does it all the * он всегда /постоянно/ это делает - he's been watching us all the * /the whole */ он не переставая /неотрывно/ следил за нами, он ни на секунду не упускал нас из виду - one * and another одно время;
время от времени - running * (of a film) (кинематографический) время демонстрации (фильма) - lead * время с начала разработки( оружия) до ввода в боевой состав - reaction * время (остающееся) для пуска ракет (при ядерном ударе) - idle * простой, перерыв в работе;
свободное время - * of orbiting (астрономия) время обращения искусственного спутника - after a * через некоторое время - at the /that/ * в это /в то/ время - I was ill at the * я тогда болел - I didn't know it at the * тогда я (еще) не знал об этом - at the present * в настоящее время - at this * of (the) day в это время дня - at one * одно время, когда-то - at one * this book was very popular некогда /было время, когда/ эта книга была очень популярна - at no * никогда - for a * на некоторое время, временно;
некоторое время - for vacation * на время каникул - for the * на это время - for the * being пока, до поры до времени - in * со временем - I think that we may win in * думаю, что со временем нам удастся победить - in a short * в скором времени - in no *, in less than /next to/ no * очень быстро, мигом, в два счета - I'll come back in no * я моментально вернусь;
я обернусь в два счета - in the same flash of * в то же мгновение, в тот же миг - in two weeks' * через две недели - written in three hours' * написанный за три часа - within the required * в течение требуемого времени - to give smb. * to do smth. /for smth./ дать кому-л. время /срок/ сделать что-л. /для чего-л./ - to give smb. * to turn round дать кому-л. возможность перевести дух, дать кому-л. передышку - the patient has her good * more often now теперь больная чаще чувствует себя хорошо - it is his daily * for rest в это время он ежедневно отдыхает - it takes * это требует времени, это скоро не сделаешь сезон, пора, время - sowing * время /пора/ сева, посевной период, посевная - holiday * время каникул - at this * of the year в это время года - for this * of year на это время года - autumn is a good * of year to be in the country в осеннюю пору хорошо пожить за городом долгое время - he was gone * before you got there он ушел задолго до того, как вы туда явились - what a * it took you! долго же вы возились!;
неужто нельзя было побыстрее? час, точное время - what *, at what * в какое время, в котором часу;
когда - to fix /to appoint/ a * назначить время - to show * показывать время (о часах) - to tell * (американизм) определять время по часам - teach the child to tell * научите ребенка определять время по часам - to look at the * посмотреть на часы - to forget the * of the appointment забыть время свидания /встречи/ - to keep (good) * хорошо идти( о часах) - to lose * отставать( о часах) - what is the *?, what * is it? сколько времени?, который час? - what * do you make it? сколько (времени) на ваших часах?, сколько сейчас, по-вашему /по-твоему/, времени? момент, мгновение;
определенный момент, определенное время - some * в какой-то момент, в какое-то время - I'll drop in some * next month я (к тебе) загляну как-нибудь в следующем месяце - some * (or other) когда-нибудь рано или поздно - this * last year в это (самое) время в прошлом году - this * tomorrow завтра в это же время - at *s по временам, время от времени - at the /that/ * в тот момент, в то время - at the * of delivery в момент родов - at the * I didn't notice it в тот момент я этого не заметил - at a given * в определенный момент - at the fixed * в назначенное время - at one * одновременно - at the same * в то же самое время, одновременно;
в тот же момент - you can't be in two places at the same * нельзя быть в двух местах одновременно - at any * you like в любой момент /в любое время/, когда вам будет удобно - he may turn up (at) any * он может появиться в любой момент - at any other * в любое другое время - at the proper *, when the * comes в свое время, когда придет время - we shall do everything at the proper * мы все сделаем, когда нужно;
всему свое время - between *s иногда, временами - by the * к этому времени - by this * к этому времени - by that * we shall be old в это время мы уже будем стариками - you ought to be ready by this * к этому времени вы должны быть готовы - it will be nearly two by the * you get down вы приедете не раньше двух часов - from that * (onwards) с этого времени - the * has come when... пришло время /наступил момент/, когда... время прибытия или отправления (поезда и т. п.) - to find out the *s of the London trains узнать расписание лондонских поездов срок, время - in * в срок, вовремя - on * в срок, вовремя - to arrive exactly on * приехать /прибыть/ минута в минуту /точно в назначенный час/ - in due * в свое время, своевременно - to be in * for smth. поспеть точно к чему-л. - to arrive in * for dinner поспеть как раз к обеду - I was just in * to see it я успел как раз вовремя, чтобы увидеть это - ahead of *, before one's * раньше срока - behind *, out of * поздно, с опозданием - to be ten minutes behind * опоздать на десять минут - the train was running (half an hour) behind * поезд опаздывал (на полчаса) - to ask for an extension of * просить отсрочки( платежей) - to make * (американизм) прийти вовремя /по расписанию/ - (it is) high * давно пора, самое время - it's about * пора - it is * to go to bed /you went to bed/ пора ложиться спать - *! время вышло!, ваше время истекло /вышло/ - the * is up срок истек - * is drawing on времени остается мало, срок приближается - she is near her * она скоро родит - my * has come мой час пробил;
пришло время умирать - see that you are up to * смотри не опоздай - the * for feeding is nearing, it's nearing the * for feeding приближается /подходит/ время /срок/ кормления подходящий момент, подходящее время - now is the * to go on strike /for going on strike/ теперь самое время начать забастовку - this is no * /not the */ to reproach /for reproaching/ me сейчас не время упрекать меня времена, пора;
эпоха, эра - the good old *s добрые старые времена - our *(s) наше время, наши дни - the product of our *s продукт нашей эпохи - hard *(s) тяжелые времена - peace * мирное время - the * of Shakespeare эпоха Шекспира - the * of universal peace эра всеобщего мира - the *s we live in наши дни;
время, в котором мы живем - a sign of the *(s) знамение времени - at all *s, (американизм) all the * всегда, во все времена - at all *s and in all places всегда и везде - for its * для своего времени - a book unusual for its * книга, необычная для своего /того/ времени - from the earliest *s с давних времен - from * immemorial /out of mind/ с незапамятных времен, испокон веку /веков/;
искони, исстари - (in) past *(s) (в) прежнее время - (in) old /ancient, (устаревшее) olden/ *(s) (в) старое время;
в древности, в стародавние времена, во время оно - in prehistoric *s в доисторическую эпоху - in happier *s в более счастливые времена, в более счастливую пору - in *s to come в будущем, в грядущие времена - abreast of the *s вровень с веком;
не отставая от жизни - to be abreast of the *s, to move /to go/ with the *s стоять вровень с веком, не отставать от жизни, шагать в ногу со временем - ahead of the /one's/ *(s) опередивший свою эпоху, передовой - behind one's /the/ *(s) (разговорное) отстающий от жизни, отсталый - to serve the * приспосабливаться - other *s, other manners иные времена - иные нравы - born before one's *(s) опередивший свою эпоху - to change with the *s изменяться вместе с временем - these achievements will outlast our * эти достижения переживут нас /наше время/ - * was /there was a */ when... было время, когда... - as *s go (разговорное) по нынешним временам - the * is out of joint( Shakespeare) распалась связь времен возраст - at his * of life в его возрасте, в его годы - I have now reached a * of life when... я достиг того возраста, когда... период жизни, век - it will last my * этого на мой век хватит - all these things happened in my * все это произошло на моей памяти - it was before her * это было до ее рождения;
она этого уже не застала - he died before his * он безвременно умер;
он умер в расцвете сил - if I had my * over again если бы можно было прожить жизнь сначала /заново/ - in my * such things were not done в мое время так не поступали - this hat has done /served/ its * эта шляпка отслужила свое /отжила свой век/ свободное время;
досуг - to have * иметь время - to have much /plenty of, (разговорное) loads of, (разговорное) heaps of, (разговорное) oceans of/ *, to have * on one's hands иметь много /уйму/ (свободного) времени - to have no *, to be hard pressed for * совершенно не иметь времени, торопиться - I have no * to spare у меня нет лишнего времени - I have no * for such nonsense мне недосуг заниматься такой ерундой /чепухой/ - to find * to read books находить время для чтения книг - to pass the * away in knitting проводить время за вязаньем - to beguile /to while away/ the * коротать время - to waste /to squander, to idle away, to trifle away/ one's * даром /попусту/ терять время - to lose * терять время - to make up for lost * наверстать упущенное;
компенсировать потери времени - there's no * to lose /to be lost/ нельзя терять ни минуты - to play for * пытаться выиграть время;
тянуть /оттягивать/ время - to save * экономить время, не терять попусту времени - to take one's * не торопиться, выжидать;
(ироничное) мешкать, копаться - I need * to rest мне нужно время, чтобы отдохнуть - my * was my own я был хозяином своего времени - my * wasn't my own у меня не было свободного времени - he did it in his own * он сделал это в нерабочее время - * enough to attend to that tomorrow у нас будет время заняться этим завтра - a lot of *, effort and money has been spent было потрачено много времени, усилий и денег время (с точки зрения того, как оно проводится) ;
времяпровождение - to have a good /a fine/ * (of it) хорошо провести время, повеселиться - not to have much of a * неважно провести время - to have the * of one's life переживать лучшую пору своей жизни;
повеселиться на славу;
отлично провести время - to have a high old * переживать лучшую пору своей жизни - to have a bad /rough/ * (of it) терпеть нужду /лишения/, хлебнуть горя;
повидать всякое;
пережить несколько неприятных минут - he had a rough * (of it) ему пришлось туго /нелегко/ - she had a bad /rough/ * (of it) with her baby у нее были трудные роды - to give smb. a rough * заставить кого-л. мучиться;
заставить кого-л. потерпеть, доставить кому-л. несколько неприятных минут - what a * I had with him! с ним пришлось немало помучиться;
уж как он изводил меня! - the patient had a bad * for three hours before the medicine worked больной три часа мучился, прежде чем подействовало лекарство рабочее время - task * время для выполнения какой-л. работы - full * полный рабочий день - to work full * работать полный рабочий день - to turn to writing full * (образное) полностью посвятить себя писательству - by * на условиях почасовой оплаты - to be paid by * получать сдельно - to work /to be/ on short * работать сокращенную рабочую неделю, быть частично безработным - my normal * is 8 hours a day обычно я работаю 8 часов в день плата за работу - double * двойная плата за сверхурочную работу - to collect one's * получить зарплату - we offer straight * for work up to 40 hours and * and a half for Saturdays мы платим полную ставку за 40-часовую рабочую неделю и полторы ставки за работу по субботам (удобный) случай, (благоприятная) возможность - to watch /to bide/ one's * ждать благоприятного момента - now's your * (разговорное) теперь самое время вам действовать и т. п. (спортивное) время - the winner's * время победителя - to keep * with one's stop watch засекать время с помощью секундомера - some wonderful *s were put up многие показали отличное время - he is making excellent * он идет с отличным временем интервал между раундами (бокс) - to call * давать сигнал начать или кончить схватку тайм;
период, половина игры (футбол) скорость, темп;
такт;
размер;
ритм - simple * (музыкальное) простой размер - compound * (музыкальное) сложный размер - waltz * ритм вальса - in * ритмичный;
ритмично - out of * неритмичный;
неритмично - to get out of * сбиться с ритма - to march in quick * идти быстро - to keep /to beat/ * отбивать такт;
выдерживать такт /ритм/ - to break into quick * ускорить шаг, перейти на ускоренный шаг - to quicken the * убыстрять /ускорять/ темп (стихосложение) мора (библеизм) год раз, случай - six *s шесть раз - a dozen *s много раз - every * каждый раз - last * в прошлый раз - this * (на) этот раз - next * (в) следующий раз - four *s running четыре раза подряд /кряду/ - he lost five *s running он проиграл пять раз подряд - the first * (в) первый раз - this is the third * he has come вот уже третий раз, как он приходит - another * (в) другой раз - the one * I got good cards единственный раз, когда у меня были хорошие карты - at a * разом, сразу одновременно - to do one thing at a * делать по очереди, не браться за все сразу - to do two things at a * делать две вещи одновременно /зараз/ - * after * повторно;
тысячу раз - *s out of /without/ number бесчисленное количество раз - * and again, * and * again снова и снова - he said it * and again он не раз говорил это;
он не уставал повторять это - I had to prove it * and again мне приходилось доказывать это вновь и вновь /снова и снова, бессчетное количество раз/ - from * to * время от времени, от случая к случаю - nine *s out of ten в девяти случаях из десяти;
в большинстве случаев - I've told you so a hundred *s я тебе это говорил сто раз раз - three *s six is /are/ eighteen трижды шесть - восемнадцать каждый раз;
каждый случай;
каждая штука - it costs me 3 pounds a * to have my hair done каждый раз я плачу три фунта за укладку волос - pick any you like at 5 dollars a * (разговорное) выбирайте любую по 5 долларов штука - at a * за (один) раз, за (один) прием - to run upstairs two at a * бежать вверх по лестнице через две ступеньки - to read a few pages at a * читать не больше нескольких страниц за раз /за один присест/ раз, крат - a hundred *s greater во сто крат больше - twenty *s less в двадцать раз меньше - many *s as large во много раз больше - three *s as wide в три раза /втрое/ шире - three *s as much /as many/ втрое больше - they were five *s fewer их было в пять раз меньше - you'll get two *s your clock я заплачу вам вдвое больше, чем по счетчику (предложение таксисту) > (old) Father T. дедушка-время > the big * верхушка лестницы, верхушка пирамиды;
сливки общества > to be in the big *, to have made the big * принадлежать к сливкам общества, входить в элиту > the * of day положение вещей /дел/;
последние сведения /данные/ > at this * of day так поздно;
на данном этапе;
после того, что произошло > to know the * of day быть настороже;
быть искушенным (в чем-л.) > to give smb. the * of day обращать внимание на кого-л. (особ. с отрицанием) ;
здороваться с кем-л. > to pass the * of day with smb. здороваться с кем-л. > that's the * of day! такие-то дела!;
значит, дело обстоит так! > against * в пределах установленного времени;
с целью побить рекорд;
с целью выиграть время;
в большой спешке > to talk against * стараться соблюсти регламент > to work against * стараться уложить /кончить работу/ в срок > to run against * стараться побить ранее установленный рекорд > to talk against * говорить с целью затянуть время (при обструкции в парламенте) > at the same * тем не менее, однако > your statement is not groundless;
at the same * it is not wholly true ваше замечание не лишено основания, однако оно не совсем правильно > in good * со временем, с течением времени;
своевременно;
заранее, заблаговременно > you'll hear from me in good * со временем я дам о себе знать > to start in good * отправиться заблаговременно > come in good *! не опаздывай! > all in good * все в свое время > in bad * не вовремя;
поздно, с опозданием > on * (американизм) в рассрочку > to buy a Tv set on * купить в кредит телевизор > once upon a * давным-давно;
во время оно;
когда-то > once upon a * there lived a king давным-давно жил-был король > to buy * выигрывать время;
оттягивать /тянуть/ время, канителить > to have a thin * переживать неприятные минуты;
переживать трудности > to have a * переживать бурное время;
испытывать большие трудности > to have no * for smb. плохо выносить кого-л. > I have no * for him он меня раздражает > to kill * убивать время > to make * поспешить, поторопиться > we'll have to make * to catch the train нам нужно поспешить, чтобы не /если мы не хотим/ опоздать на поезд > to make good * быстро преодолеть какое-л. расстояние > to make a * about /over/ smth. (американизм) волноваться, суетиться по поводу чего-л.;
шумно реагировать на что-л. > to mark * шагать на месте;
оттягивать /тянуть/ время;
выполнять что-л. чисто формально, работать без души > to do * отбывать тюремное заключение, отсиживать свой срок > to serve /to complete/ one's * отслужить свой срок (в период ученичества) ;
отбыть срок (в тюрьме) > to near the end of one's * заканчивать службу (о солдате) ;
заканчивать срок (о заключенном) > to sell * (американизм) предоставлять за плату возможность выступить по радио или телевидению > to take /to catch/ * by the forelock действовать немедленно;
воспользоваться случаем, использовать благоприятный момент > to go with the *s плыть по течению > there's no * like the present теперь самое подходящее время (для какого-л. дела) ;
лучше не откладывай;
лови момент > * works wonders время делает /творит/ чудеса > * cures all things время - лучший лекарь > * and tide wait for no man время не ждет > it beats my * (американизм) это выше моего понимания > lost * is never found again (пословица) потерянного времени не воротишь > a stitch in * saves nine (пословица) один стежок сделанный вовремя, сберегает десять > * is money (пословица) время - деньги связанный с временем - * advantage( спортивное) преимущество во времени снабженный часовым механизмом - * lock замок с часовым механизмом связанный с покупками в кредит или с платежами в рассрочку подлежащий оплате в определенный срок выбирать время;
рассчитывать (по времени) - to * oneself well удачно выбрать время прихода /приезда/ - to * one's blows skilfully искусно выбирать момент для (нанесения) удара - to * one's march through the city выбрать время для марша по улицам города - the publication of the book was well *d книга была опубликована в самый подходящий момент - the remark was well *d замечание было сделано очень кстати назначать или устанавливать время;
приурочивать - he *d his arrival for six o'clock он намечал свой приезд на шесть часов - the train was *d to reach London at 8 a.m. поезд должен был прибыть в Лондон в 8 часов утра ставить (часы) - to * all the clocks in the office according to the radio поставить все часы в конторе /в бюро/ по радио - to * one's watch by the time signal ставить часы по сигналу точного времени - * your watch with mine поставьте свои часы по моим - the alarm-clock was *d to go off at nine o'clock будильник был поставлен на девять часов задавать темп;
регулировать( механизм и т. п.) отмечать по часам;
засекать;
определять время;
хронометрировать - to * the speed of work хронометрировать трудовой процесс - to * a worker on a new job хронометрировать работу новичка - to * the horse for each half mile засекать время лошади на каждой полумиле - to * how long it takes to do it засечь, сколько времени требуется, чтобы сделать это - I *d his reading я следил за его чтением /за скоростью его чтения/ по часам рассчитывать, устанавливать продолжительность - clockwork apparatus *d to run for forty-eight hours часовой механизм, рассчитанный на двое суток работы выделять время для определенного процесса - to * one's exposure correctly( фотографическое) сделать /поставить/ нужную выдержку (to, with) делать в такт - to * one's steps to the music танцевать в такт музыке - to * one's footsteps to a march шагать в ритме марша (редкое) совпадать, биться в унисон( техническое) синхронизировать access ~ вчт. время доступа access ~ момент допуска across-the-board ~ фиксированный момент движения цен на фондовой бирже, затрагивающего все акции action ~ рабочее время active ~ активное время active ~ продолжительность обслуживания actual ~ фактическое время add ~ вчт. время сложения air ~ время выхода в эфир in good ~ заранее, заблаговременно;
all in good time все в свое время;
in bad time не вовремя, с опозданием, поздно all-in ~ произ. стандартный срок allowed ~ допустимое время arrival ~ вчт. время входа times to come будущее;
as times go по нынешним временам at a ~ одновременно at my ~ of life в мои годы, в моем возрасте at ~s временами;
some time or other когда-нибудь;
at no time никогда at one ~ одновременно to make ~ амер. ехать на определенной скорости;
on time амер. точно, вовремя;
at one time некогда at the same ~ в то же самое время at the same ~ вместе с тем;
тем не менее;
for the time being пока, до поры до времени at the ~ в то время at the ~ of во время at ~s временами;
some time or other когда-нибудь;
at no time никогда attended ~ вчт. время обслуживания available ~ полезное время in ~ вовремя;
to be in time поспеть, прийти вовремя;
in course of time со временем;
out of time несвоевременно ~ муз. темп;
такт;
to beat time отбивать такт to keep ~ = to beat time before one's ~ до (кого-л.) ;
до (чьего-л.) рождения before (behind) the times (или one's ~) передовой (отсталый) по взглядам in no ~ необыкновенно быстро, моментально;
before time слишком рано big ~ разг. успех bit ~ вчт. такт передачи broadcasting ~ время трансляции build-up ~ вчт. время нарастания очереди calculating ~ вчт. время счета changeover ~ время перехода к выпуску новой продукции closing ~ время закрытия closing ~ время окончания работы compensation ~ время компенсации compile ~ вчт. время трансляции computation ~ вчт. время вычислений computer ~ машинное время computer ~ вчт. машинное время computing ~ вчт. время вычмсления connect ~ вчт. продолжительность сеанса связи cooling ~ время охлаждения critical ~ предельное время cutoff ~ время прекращения data ~ вчт. время обмена данными daylight saving ~ летнее время debug ~ вчт. время отладки debugging ~ вчт. время отладки deceleration ~ вчт. время останова delay ~ время задержки delay ~ вчт. время задержки delay ~ время запаздывания delay ~ выдержка времени delivery ~ срок поставки ~ срок;
it is time we were going нам пора идти;
time is up срок истек;
to do time разг. отбывать тюремное заключение double ~ ускоренный марш down ~ вчт. время неисправного состояния down ~ вчт. простой dwell ~ вчт. время пребывания в системе effective ~ полезное время effective waiting ~ вчт. эффективное время ожидания elapsed ~ астрономическое время работы elapsed ~ истекшее время elapsed ~ общее затраченное время elapsed ~ фактическая продолжительность entry ~ вчт. момент входа event ~ вчт. момент появления события fetch ~ вчт. время выборки flexible working ~ гибкий рабочий график in a short ~ в скором времени;
for a short time на короткое время, ненадолго ~ время;
what is the time? который час?;
the time of day время дня, час;
from time to time время от времени to give (smb.) the ~ of day, to pass the ~ of day (with smb.) здороваться;
обмениваться приветствиями giving ~ предоставленное время to go with the ~s не отставать от жизни;
идти в ногу со временем handling ~ время перемещения handling ~ время переработки handling ~ время транспортировки ~ (часто pl) эпоха, времена;
hard times тяжелые времена;
time out of mind с незапамятных времен;
Shakespeare's times эпоха Шекспира to have a good ~, to make a ~ of it хорошо провести время to while away the ~ коротать время;
to have time on one's hands иметь массу свободного времени idle ~ вчт. время простоя idle ~ нерабочий период idle ~ перерыв в работе idle ~ период бездействия idle ~ простой idle ~ вчт. простой in a short ~ в скором времени;
for a short time на короткое время, ненадолго in good ~ заранее, заблаговременно;
all in good time все в свое время;
in bad time не вовремя, с опозданием, поздно in ~ вовремя;
to be in time поспеть, прийти вовремя;
in course of time со временем;
out of time несвоевременно in good ~ заранее, заблаговременно;
all in good time все в свое время;
in bad time не вовремя, с опозданием, поздно in good ~ точно, своевременно there is no ~ to lose нельзя терять ни минуты;
in (или on) one's own time в свободное время in ~ вовремя;
to be in time поспеть, прийти вовремя;
in course of time со временем;
out of time несвоевременно ineffective ~ вчт. время простоя inoperable ~ нерабочее время instruction ~ вчт. время выполнения команды interaction ~ вчт. время взаимодействия ~ attr. повременный;
it beats my time это выше моего понимания;
to sell time амер. предоставлять время для выступления по радио или телевидению (за плату) ~ срок;
it is time we were going нам пора идти;
time is up срок истек;
to do time разг. отбывать тюремное заключение ~ жизнь, век;
it will last my time этого на мой век хватит to keep (good) ~ идти хорошо( о часах) ;
to keep bad time идти плохо (о часах) to keep ~ = to beat time to keep ~ выдерживать ритм to keep ~ идти верно( о часах) to keep (good) ~ идти хорошо (о часах) ;
to keep bad time идти плохо (о часах) knocking-off ~ рын.тр. время окончания работы lag ~ продолжительность запаздывания latency ~ вчт. время ожидания lead ~ время между принятием решения и началом действия lead ~ время на освоение новой продукции, на выполнение нового заказа lead ~ время подготовки к выпуску продукции lead ~ время протекания процесса lead ~ время реализации заказа lead ~ задержка, затягивание lead ~ срок разработки новой продукции load ~ время загрузки load ~ вчт. время загрузки loading ~ время погрузки local ~ местное время lost ~ потерянное время lost ~ is never found again посл. потерянного времени не воротишь;
one (two) at a time по одному (по двое) maintenance ~ продолжительность технического обслуживания to have a good ~, to make a ~ of it хорошо провести время to make ~ амер. ехать на определенной скорости;
on time амер. точно, вовремя;
at one time некогда to make ~ амер. спешить, пытаясь наверстать упущенное make-ready ~ подготовительное время times outof (или without) number бесчисленное количество раз;
many a time часто, много раз mean ~ between failures среднее время безотказной работы mean ~ to repair среднее время восстановления minimum ~ минимальное время multiplication ~ вчт. время умножения negotiated working ~ нормированное рабочее время negotiated working ~ согласованное рабочее время off ~ вчт. время простоя lost ~ is never found again посл. потерянного времени не воротишь;
one (two) at a time по одному( по двое) opening ~ время открытия operable ~ вчт. время готовности operable ~ рабочее время operating ~ время эксплуатации operating ~ наработка operating ~ вчт. рабочее время operating ~ срок службы operating ~ эксплуатационное время operation ~ вчт. время выполнения операции over ~ вчт. с течением времени part ~ неполный рабочий день to give (smb.) the ~ of day, to pass the ~ of day (with smb.) здороваться;
обмениваться приветствиями payout ~ срок выплаты preempted ~ вчт. продолжительность прерывания обслуживания prime ~ наиболее удобное время processing ~ вчт. время обработки данных processing ~ вчт. время обслуживания processing ~ продолжительность обработки processor ~ вчт. время счета production ~ вчт. производительное время productive ~ полезное время productive ~ вчт. полезное время productive ~ продуктивное время productive ~ производительно используемое время proving ~ вчт. время проверки question ~ время, отведенное в парламенте для вопросов правительству read ~ вчт. время считывания reading ~ время, уделяемое чтению real ~ истинное время real ~ истинный масштаб времени real ~ реальное время real ~ вчт. реальное время real ~ реальный масштаб времени recovery ~ вчт. время востановления redemption ~ время выкупа reference ~ вчт. начало отсчета времени remaining service ~ вчт. остаточное время обслуживания repair ~ вчт. время ремонта repair ~ продолжительность ремонта representative computing ~ вчт. эталонное время request-response ~ вчт. время между запросом и ответом resetting ~ вчт. время возврата residual waiting ~ остаточное время ожидания response ~ вчт. время ответа response ~ вчт. время отклика resting ~ время отдыха round-trip propagation ~ вчт. задержка кругового обхода running ~ вчт. время прогона sampling ~ вчт. время получения выборки scheduled ~ директивный срок scheduled ~ запланированное время scramble ~ вчт. конкурентное время search ~ comp. время поиска seek ~ вчт. время установки ~ attr. повременный;
it beats my time это выше моего понимания;
to sell time амер. предоставлять время для выступления по радио или телевидению (за плату) to serve one's ~ отбыть срок наказания;
she is near her time она скоро родит, она на сносях;
to work against time стараться уложиться в срок to serve one's ~ отбыть срок службы service ~ вчт. время обслуживания setting ~ вчт. время установки setup ~ время перестройки производства setup ~ вчт. время установки setup ~ продолжительность подготовительно-заключительных операций ~ (часто pl) эпоха, времена;
hard times тяжелые времена;
time out of mind с незапамятных времен;
Shakespeare's times эпоха Шекспира to serve one's ~ отбыть срок наказания;
she is near her time она скоро родит, она на сносях;
to work against time стараться уложиться в срок simulation ~ вчт. модельное время ~ раз;
six times five is thirty шестью пять - тридцать;
ten times as large в десять раз больше;
time after time раз за разом;
повторно slot ~ вчт. интервал ответа so that's the ~ of day! такие-то дела!;
take your time! не спешите!;
to kill time убить время sojourn ~ вчт. длительность пребывания at ~s временами;
some time or other когда-нибудь;
at no time никогда speaking ~ время выступления spent waiting ~ вчт. время ожиданий standard operation ~ нормативная наработка standard operation ~ нормативная продолжительность эксплуатации standard operation ~ нормативный срок службы standard ~ норматив времени standard ~ нормативное время standard ~ стандартное, декретное время start ~ вчт. время разгона starting ~ время начала startup ~ вчт. время запуска stop ~ вчт. время останова storage ~ вчт. время хранения данных storing ~ время хранения swap ~ вчт. время перекачки system ~ вчт. время системы system with limited holding ~ система с ограниченным временем пребывания so that's the ~ of day! такие-то дела!;
take your time! не спешите!;
to kill time убить время takedown ~ вчт. время освобождения ~ раз;
six times five is thirty шестью пять - тридцать;
ten times as large в десять раз больше;
time after time раз за разом;
повторно testing ~ вчт. время проверки there is no ~ to lose нельзя терять ни минуты;
in (или on) one's own time в свободное время throughput ~ производительное время ~ раз;
six times five is thirty шестью пять - тридцать;
ten times as large в десять раз больше;
time after time раз за разом;
повторно ~ attr. относящийся к определенному времени ~ attr. повременный;
it beats my time это выше моего понимания;
to sell time амер. предоставлять время для выступления по радио или телевидению (за плату) ~ between arrivals вчт. интервал между требованиями ~ for payment срок платежа ~ for performance срок исполнения ~ for presentment срок предъявления ~ for submission срок представления ~ срок;
it is time we were going нам пора идти;
time is up срок истек;
to do time разг. отбывать тюремное заключение ~ of acquisition время приобретения ~ of balance sheet дата представления балансового отчета ~ of billing срок фактурирования ~ of closing of accounts дата закрытия счетов ~ of conception время зачатия ~ of crisis кризисный период ~ время;
what is the time? который час?;
the time of day время дня, час;
from time to time время от времени ~ of death время смерти ~ of delivery срок поставки ~ of deposit период, на который сделан срочный вклад ~ of dispatch( TOD) время отправки ~ of distribution время размещения ~ of falling due срок платежа ~ of implementation период внедрения ~ of incurring a debt время образования долга ~ of invoicing время выписки фактуры ~ of issue время эмиссии ~ of loading время погрузки ~ of maturity срок платежа по векселю ~ of maturity срок ценной бумаги ~ of operation время выполнения операции ~ of operation наработка ~ of operation продолжительность эксплуатации ~ of operation срок службы ~ of payment срок платежа ~ of performance срок исполнения ~ of performance of contract срок исполнения договора ~ of purchase время покупки ~ of receipt( TOR) дата получения ~ of recording дата регистрации ~ of redemption срок выкупа ~ of redemption срок погашения ~ of sale время продажи ~ of sale дата продажи ~ of signature дата подписи ~ of surrender время вручения ~ of taking office дата вступления в должность ~ of taking up duties дата вступления в должность ~ of termination время прекращения действия ~ of termination дата истечения срока ~ of transmission( TOT) время передачи ~ of transportation время перевозки ~ of year время года ~ off нерабочее время ~ out вчт. тайм-аут ~ (часто pl) эпоха, времена;
hard times тяжелые времена;
time out of mind с незапамятных времен;
Shakespeare's times эпоха Шекспира ~ удачно выбирать время;
рассчитывать (по времени) ;
приурочивать;
to time to the minute рассчитывать до минуты times outof (или without) number бесчисленное количество раз;
many a time часто, много раз times to come будущее;
as times go по нынешним временам total ~ вчт. суммарное время ~ назначать время;
the train timed to leave at
6. 30 поезд, отходящий по расписанию в 6 ч. 30 м. transfer ~ вчт. время передачи transfer ~ срок передачи translating ~ вчт. время трансляции turnaround ~ вчт. длительность цикла обработки turnaround ~ межремонтный срок службы unexpended service ~ вчт. оставшееся время обслуживания unit ~ вчт. единичное время time: unused ~ вчт. неиспользуемое время up ~ вчт. рабочее время useful ~ вчт. полезное время user ~ вчт. время пользователя wait ~ вчт. время ожидания waiting ~ время ожидания waiting ~ вчт. время ожидания waiting ~ простой по организационным причинам waiting ~ простой по техническим причинам wasted service ~ вчт. затраченное время обслуживания ~ время;
what is the time? который час?;
the time of day время дня, час;
from time to time время от времени to while away the ~ коротать время;
to have time on one's hands иметь массу свободного времени while: ~ away бездельничать;
to while away the time (или a few hours) проводить, коротать время word ~ вчт. время выборки слова ~ рабочее время;
to work full (part) time работать полный (неполный) рабочий день или полную (неполную) рабочую неделю working ~ рабочее время write ~ вчт. время записи zone ~ поясное время zone: ~ attr. зональный;
поясной;
региональный;
zone time поясное время -
7 LST
1) Компьютерная техника: LEO space terminal2) Авиация: местное звёздное время3) Медицина: left sacrum transverse, ПТС, поздний тромбоз стента4) Военный термин: Amphibious Vehicle Landing Ship, Large Slow Target, Light Strong Tough, Long Slow Target, landing ship, tank, laser spotter tracker, light STOL transport, liquid storage tank, local standard time5) Техника: landmark-sensing telescope, large scale test, large stellar telescope, last sector transferred, loud speaking telephone6) Шутливое выражение: Lady Scooter Trash7) Математика: преобразование Лапласа-Стилтьеса (Laplace-Stieltjes transform)8) Юридический термин: Light Smooth Tough9) Астрономия: Large Space Telescopes10) Сокращение: Landing Ship Tank (Helicopter; H), Landing Ship, Tank (USA), Laser Spot Tracker, local sidereal time, low supersonic transport11) Вычислительная техника: Linux Support Team (distribution, Linux)13) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: see L.C.T. (landing craft tank)14) Нефтегазовая техника баржа для снабжения морских буровых15) Контроль качества: Laplace-Stieltjes transform17) Безопасность: отдел ОТБОС в филиале компании (Local Safety Team)18) Расширение файла: List, source code Listing file, Keyboard macro (1st Reader), Filelist (FRQView), Spool file (Oracle), List file (archive index - compiler listfile), Listing (e.g. source code)19) Электротехника: local summer time20) Чат: last seen there21) Правительство: Lump Sum Taxation22) Аэропорты: Launceston, Tasmania, Australia -
8 LST
I сокр. от local summer time II сокр. от loudspeaking telephoneгромкоговорящий телефонный аппарат, громкоговорящий ТФАEnglish-Russian dictionary of telecommunications and their abbreviations > LST
-
9 LST
местное летнее время
—
[Я.Н.Лугинский, М.С.Фези-Жилинская, Ю.С.Кабиров. Англо-русский словарь по электротехнике и электроэнергетике, Москва]Тематики
- электротехника, основные понятия
EN
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > LST
-
10 время
ср.
1) time сколько времени? ≈ how long?;
what's the time? иметь мало времени ≈ to be pressed for time время не ждет ≈ time presses время терпит ≈ there is no hurry, there is plenty of time время не позволяет ≈ time forbids, there is no time всему свое время ≈ there is time for everything, everything is good in its season вернуть потерянное время ≈ to make up for lost time тянуть время ≈ to stall for time, to temporize хорошо провести время ≈ have a good time летнее время ≈ summer-time, summertime дополнительное время ≈ extra time, overtime декретное время ≈ standard time свободное время ≈ spare/free time в свободное время ≈ at leisure, in one's spare time все время ≈ all the time, always, constantly, at all times во всякое время ≈ at any time в то время ≈ at that time много времени ≈ a long time/while;
much time, plenty of time на время ≈ for a (certain) time, for a while, temporarily;
in (the long) run до сего времени ≈ hitherto до того времени ≈ till then, up to that time с того времени ≈ since then со времени ≈ since со временем, с течением времени ≈ in (the course of) time, with time, as times goes by к тому времени ≈ by that time в скором времени ≈ in a short time, shortly, before long, in the near future ко времени ≈ on time, at the right/proper time к этому времени ≈ by this, by now занятый столько-то времени ≈ - timer время закрытия ≈ (магазинов, учреждений и т. п.) closing-time
2) (эпоха) time;
times мн. отстать от времени ≈ to lag behind the times во все времена ≈ at all times во времена ≈ (кого-л./чего-л.) in (smb.'s) time в наше время ≈ in our time, nowadays с незапамятных времен ≈ from time immemorial по тем временам ≈ for those times/days во времена оно ≈ of yore, in the old days
3) грам. tense ∙ одно время ≈ at one time самое время ≈ разг. just the time (to/for) в настоящеевремя, в данное время ≈ at (the) present (moment), today время от времени, от времени до времени, по временам ≈ from time to time, (every) now and then, sometimes, at times, now and again время года ≈ season в то время как ≈ whereas, while (в) первое время ≈ at first (за/в) последнее время ≈ lately, recently до поры до времени ≈ for the time being на первое время ≈ for the initial period, initially тем временем ≈ meanwhile раньше времени ≈ prematurely, too soon во время ≈ during, at the time of в то же время ≈ at the same time в свое время ≈ in one's time (раньше) ;
in due time/course (в нужное время)врем|я - с.
1. time;
солнечное ~ solar time;
промежуток ~ени interval;
местное ~ local time;
полётное ~ airborne time;
поясное ~ standard time, zone time;
сталийное ~ lay days;
экранное ~ screen time;
эфирное ~ air (radio) time;
расчётное ~ в полёте estimated time of flight;
расчётное ~ в пути estimated time en-route;
расчётное ~ прибытия estimated time of arrival;
среднее ~ по Гринвичу Greenwich mean time;
Zulu time;
косм. жарг. ;
среднее ~ простоя meandown time;
фактическое ~ вылета departure actual time;
~ вступления в силу effective date, date of entering into force;
~ вылета off time;
~ действия лицензии lease period;
~ на погрузку time for loading;
~ начала регистрации check-on-time, reporting time;
~ посадки пассажиров boarding time;
~ прибытия arrival time;
~ простоя down-time, demurrage;
~ в рейсе Уblock-to-blockФ time;
~ летит time flies;
~ идёт time goes by, time is passing;
пространство и ~ space and time;
до настоящего ~ени up to the present;
до последнего ~ени till quite recently;
на будущее ~ in future, henceforth;
с того ~ени since then;
в свободное ~ at one`s leisure, in one`s spare time;
у меня есть ~ читать I have time to read;
в это ~ at that time;
(между тем) meanwhile;
in the meanwhile;
а в это ~... meanwhile...;
во ~ during;
во ~ работы while working;
за это ~ in this period, since then;
за короткое ~ in a very short time;
в то ~ at that/the time;
2. (пора) time;
(года тж.) season;
лучшее ~ суток the best time of the day;
вечернее ~ evening hours pl. ;
утреннее ~ morning hours pl. ;
~ жатвы harvest time;
дождливое ~ the rainy season;
ненастное ~ bad spell of weather;
3. (эпоха) time(s), age;
дух ~ени the spirit of the age/times;
в наше ~ (о прошлом) in our day;
(о настоящем) nowadays, in this day and age;
в мирное ~ in peace-time;
было ~ когда... the time was when..., there was a time when...;
во ~ена Екатерины in the days of Catherine;
в те ~ена in those days;
4. грам. tense;
в последнее ~, за последнее ~ lately, of late;
(в) первое ~ at first, in the beginning;
~ от ~ени from time to time;
в своё ~
1) (когда-то) at one time;
2) (в известный период жизни) in one`s day;
3) (своевременно) in due time, when the time comes;
всё в своё ~ all in good time;
всему своё ~ there`s a time for everything;
(теперь) не ~ this is not the moment;
не ~ шутить no time for joking;
(теперь) самое ~ it`s the very moment, it`s just the time;
в то же ~ all the time;
раньше ~ени prematurely;
с незапамятных ~ён from the time immemorable;
во ~ оно at one time;
во все ~ена at all times;
до поры, до ~ени for the time being. -
11 adjust
[ə'dʒʌst]vрегулировать, выверять, настраивать, приспосабливать- adjust the scales- adjust one's watch to the summer time
- adjust one's watch to the local time
- adjust the lamp to one's eyes
- adjust oneself to new conditions -
12 CULTURE, LITERATURE, AND LANGUAGE
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Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press, 1994.■ Longland, Jean. Contemporary Portuguese Poetry. A Bilingual Selection. Irvington-on-Hudson: Harvey House, 1966. Prado Coelho, Jacinto do. Dicionário das Literaturas Portuguesas, Galega e Brasileira, 3rd ed. Oporto, 1978. Rossi, Giuseppe C. Storia della letteratura portoghesa. Florence, 1953.■ Santos, João Camilo dos. "Portuguese Contemporary Literature." In Antônio Costa Pinto, ed., Modern Portugal, 218-42. Palo Alto, Calif.: SPOSS, 1998.■ Saraiva, Antônio José. História da cultura em Portugal, 3 vols. Lisbon, 1950-60.■. História da Literatura Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1990 ed.■, and Oscar Lopes. História da Literatura Portuguesa. Oporto and Coimbra, 1992 ed.■ Seguier, Jaime de, ed. Dicionário Prático Ilustrado. Oporto: Lello, 1961 and later eds.■ Simões, João Gaspar. História da poesia portuguesa, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1955-56 and later eds.■. História da poesia portuguesa do século XX. Lisbon, 1959 and later eds.■ Stern, Irwin, ed.-in-chief. Dictionary of Brazilian Literature. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1988.■ TRAVEL AND TOURIST GUIDES ON PORTUGAL■ Ballard, Sam, and Jane Ballard. Pousadas of Portugal: Unique Lodgings in State-owned Castles, Palaces, Mansions and Hotels. Boston: Harvard Common, 1986.■ Bridge, Ann, and Susan Lowndes Marques. The Selective Traveller in Portugal. London: Chatto & Windus, 1968.■ Ellingham, Mark, et al. Portugal: The Rough Guide. London: Rough Guides, 2008 ed.■ Hogg, Anthony. Travellers' Portugal. London: Solo Mio, 1983.■ Kite, Cynthia, and Ralph Kite. Portuguese Country Inns & Pousadas. New York: Warner Books; Karen Brown's Country Inn Series, 1988.■ Lowndes, Susan, ed. Fodor's Portugal 1991. New York: Fodor's, 1990.■ Proença Raúl, and Sant'anna Dionísio, eds. Guía De Portugal. I. Generalidades. Lisboa E, Arredores. Lisbon: Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, 1924; 1983.■ Robertson, Ian. Portugal: Blue Guide. London: Benn; New York: Norton, 2000 and later eds.■ Stoop, Anne de. Living in Portugal. Paris and New York: Flammarion, 1995. Wright, David, and Patrick Swift. Minho and North Portugal: A Portrait and Guide. New York: Scribners, 1968.■. Lisbon: A Portrait and Guide. New York: Scribners, 1971.■. Algarve: A Portrait and Guide. New York: Scribners, 1973.■ HISTORY OF PORTUGAL Ancient and Medieval (2000 BCE-1415 CE)■ Alarção, Jorge de. Roman Portugal. Volume I: Introduction. Warminster, U.K., 1988.■ Almeida, Fortunato de. História de Portugal. Vol. I. Coimbra, 1922. Arnaut, Salvador Dias. A Crise Nacional dos fins do século XVI. Vol. 1. Coimbra, 1960.■ Baião, Antônio, Hernani Cidade, and Manuel Múrias, eds. História de Expansão Portuguesa no Mundo, 3 vols. Lisbon, 1937-40. Caetano, Marcello. Lições de História do Direito Português. Coimbra, 1962. Cortesão, Jaime. Os Factores Democráticos no Formação de Portugal. Lisbon, 1960.■ David, Pierre. Etudes Historiques sur la Galice et le Portugal du VI au XII siécle. Paris, 1947.■ Dias, Eduardo Mayone. Portugal's Secret Jews: The End of an Era. Rumford, R.I.: Peregrinação Publications, 1999. Diffie, Bailey W. Prelude to Empire: Portugal Overseas before Henry the Navigator. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1960. Dutra, Francis A. "Portugal: To 1279." Dictionary of the Middle Ages. Vol. X: 35-48. New York: Scribners, 1987.■. "Portugal: 1279-1481." Dictionary of the Middle Ages. Vol. X: 48-56. New York: Scribners, 1987. Gama Barros, Henrique de. História de Administração Pública em Portugal nos séculos XII à XV, 11 vols. Lisbon, 1945-51. Godinho, Vitorino Magalhães. A Economia dos Descobrimentos Henriquinos. Lisbon, 1962.■ Gonzaga de Azevedo, Luís. História de Portugal, 6 vols. Lisbon, 1939-44.■ Herculano, Alexandre. História de Portugal, 8 vols., 9th ed. Lisbon, 1940.■ Kennedy, Hugh. Muslim Spain and Portugal: A Political History of al-Anda-lus. London: Longman, 1996.■ Lencastre e Tavora, Luía Gonzaga. O Estudo da Sigilografia Medieval Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1990.■ Livermore, H. V. The Origins of Spain and Portugal. London: Allen & Unwin, 1971.■ Lopes, David. "Os Árabes nas obras de Alexandre Herculano." Boletim da Segunda Classe. Lisbon: Academia Real das Sciéncias, III (1909-10). MacKendrick, Paul. The Iberian Stones Speak. New York: Funk & Wagnalls, 1969.■ Martinez, Pedro Soares. História Diplomática De Portugal [chapter I, 114315]. Lisbon, 1986.■ Mattoso, José, ed. A Nobreza Medieval Portuguesa: A Família e o Poder. Lisbon: Estampa, 1981.■. Religião e cultura na Idade Média Portuguesa. Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional, 1982.■. Identificaçao de um país ( ensaio sobre as orígens de Portugal), 2 vols. Lisbon: Estampa, 1985.■. Novos Ensaios de História Medieval Portuguesa. Lisbon: Edit. Presença, 1988.■. Historia de Portugal. Vol. 2: A Monarquia Feudal ( 1096-1480). Lisbon: Estampa, 1993.■ Oliveira Marques, A. H. de. Hansa e Portugal na Idade Média. Lisbon, 1959.■. Introduçao à História da Agricultura em Portugal. Lisbon, 1968.■. Daily Life in Portugal in the Middle Ages. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1971.■. Ensaios de História Medieval Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1980.■. "Introduçao à História da Cidade Medieval Portuguesa." Bracara Augusta XXV, 92-93 (January-December 1981): 367-87.■. Guía do Estudante de História Medieval Portuguesa, 3rd ed. Lisbon, 1985.■. Portugal Na Crise Dos Séculos XIV e XV-Vol. IV of Serrão and Oliveira Marques, Nova História de Portugal. Lisbon, 1987.■ Peres, Damião de, ed. História de Portugal. Vols. I, II. Barcelos, 1928-29.■ Rau, Virginia. Subsídios para o estudo das Feiras Medievais Portuguesas. Lisbon, 1943.■. Sesma'rias Medievais Portuguesas. Lisbon, 1946.■ Ribeiro, Orlando. "Portugal, formação de." Dicionário da História de Portugal. Vol. III, 432-51. Lisbon, 1966.■ Rogers, Francis M. The Travels of the Infante Dom Pedro of Portugal. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1961.■ Russell, P. E. 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A Situação Social em Portugal, 1960-1996. Lisbon: Instituto de Ciências Sociais, 1996.■ Bermeo, Nancy Gina. "Worker Management in Industry: Reconciling Representative Government and Industrial Democracy in a Polarized Society." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal, 181-98. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.■. The Revolution within the Revolution: Workers' Control in Rural Portugal. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1986.■ Braeckman, Colette. Portugal: Revolution surveilée. Brussels: Rossei, 1975.■ Braga da Cruz, Manuel. "O Presidente da República na génese e evolução do sistema de governor portugües." Análise social XXIX, 125-26 (1994): 237-65.■, coord. "Portugal Político 25 Anos Depois." Análise Social XXXV, 154/155 (Summer 2000): 1-404. Bruneau, Thomas C. "Popular Support for Democracy in Post-revolutionary Portugal: Results from a Survey." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal, 21-42. 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Ramos Silva, eds., Portugal: An Atlantic Paradox, 9-11. Lisbon, 1990. Gaspar, Jorge, and Nuno Vitorino. As Eleições De 25 De Abril: Geografia E Imagem Dos Partidos. Lisbon, 1976.■. "10 Anos de Democracia: Reflexos na geografia política." In E. de Sousa Ferreira and W. C. Opelio, Jr., eds., Conflict and Change in Portugal 1974-1984/ Conflitos e Mudanças em Portugal, 1974-1984, 135-55. Lisbon, 1985.■, et al. As Eleições para assembleia da república, 1979-1983: Estudos de geografia eleitoral. Lisbon, 1984. Gaspar, Jorge, and Nuno Vitorino, eds. Portugal em mapas e em números. Lisbon, 1981.■ Giaccone, Fausto. Una Storia Portoghese/ Uma História Portuguesa. Palermo: Randazzo Focus, 1987.■ Gladdish, Ken. "Portugal: An Open Verdict." In Geoffrey Pridham, ed. Securing Democracy: Political Parties and Democratic Consolidation in Southern Europe, 104-25. London and New York: Routledge, 1990.■ Graham, Lawrence S. The Decline and Collapse of an Authoritarian Order. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage, 1975.■, and Harry M. Makler, eds. Contemporary Portugal: The Revolution and Its Antecedents. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979.■, and Douglas L. Wheeler, eds. In Search of Modern Portugal: The Revolution and Its Consequences. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.■ Grayson, George W. "Portugal and the Armed Forces Movement." Orbis XIX, 2 (Summer 1975): 335-78.■ Green, Gil. Portugal's Revolution. New York: International, 1976.■ Hammond, John L. Building Popular Power: Workers' and Neighborhood Movements in the Portuguese Revolution. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1988.■ Harsgor, Michael. Naissance d'un Nouveau Portugal. Paris: Ed. du Seuil, 1975.■. Portugal in Revolution. Washington, D.C.: CSIS and Sage, 1976.■ Harvey, Robert. Portugal, Birth of a Democracy. London: Macmillan, 1978.■ Herr, Richard, ed. Portugal: The Long Road to Democracy and Europe. Berkeley, Calif.: International and Area Studies, 1992.■ Insight Team of the Sunday [London] Times. Insight on Portugal: The Year of the Captains. London: Deutsch, 1975.■ Janitschek, Hans. Mario Soares: Portrait of a Hero. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1985.■ Keefe, Eugene K., et al. Area Handbook for Portugal, 1st ed. Washington, D.C.: Foreign Area Studies of American University, 1977. Kramer, Jane. "A Reporter at Large: The Portuguese Revolution." The New Yorker (Dec. 15, 1975): 92-131.■ Lauré, Jason, and Ettagal Lauré. Jovem Portugal: After the Revolution. New York: Straus, Farrar and Giroux, 1977.■ Livermore, H. V. A New History of Portugal. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976.■ Lourenço, Eduardo. Os Militares e O Poder. Lisbon, 1975.■. O Fascismo Nunca Existiu. Lisbon, 1976.■. "Identidade e Memôria: o caso português." In E. de Sousa Ferreira and W. C. Opello, Jr., eds., Conflict and Change in Portugal, 1974-l 984, 17-22. Lisbon, 1985.■ Lucena, Manuel. Evolução e Instituições: A Extinção dos Grémios da Lavoura Alentejanos. Mem Martins, 1984.■. "A herança de duas revoluções." In M. Baptista Coelho, ed., Portugal: O Sistema Político e Constitucional, 1974-87, 505-55. Lisbon, 1989.■ Macedo, Jorge Braga de, and S. Serfaty. Portugal since the Revolution: Economic and Political Perspectives. New York: Praeger, 1981.■ Magone, José M. European Portugal: The Difficult Road to Sustainable Democracy. New York: St. Martin's, 1997. Mailer, Phil. Portugal: The Impossible Revolution. London: Solidarity, 1977. Manta, João Abel. Cartoons/ 1969-1975. Lisbon, 1975.■ Manuel, Paul C. Uncertain Outcome: The Politics of Portugal's Transition to Democracy. Lanham, Md. and London: University Press of America, 1994.■ Mateus, Rui. Contos Proibidos. Memorias de Um PS Desconhecido, 3rd ed. Lisbon: Dom Quixote, 1996.■ Maxwell, Kenneth. "Portugal under Pressure." The New York Review of Books (May 2, 1974).■. "The Hidden Revolution in Portugal." The New York Review of Books (April 17, 1975).■. "The Thorns of the Portuguese Revolution." Foreign Affairs 54, 2 (Jan. 1976): 250-70.■. "The Communists and the Portuguese Revolution." Dissent 27, 2 (Spring 1980): 194-206.■. Portugal in the 1980s: Dilemmas of Democratic Consolidation. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1986.■. The Making of Portuguese Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.■, ed. "Portugal: Toward the Twenty-First Century." Camoes Center Quarterly 5, 3-4 (Fall 1995): 6-55.■, ed. The Press and the Rebirth of Iberian Democracy. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1983.■. Portugal Ten Years after the Revolution: Reports of Three Columbia University-Gulbenkian Workshops. New York: Research Institute on International Change, Columbia University, 1984.■ Maxwell, Kenneth, and Michael H. Haltzel, eds. Portugal: Ancient Country, Young Democracy. Washington, D.C.: Wilson Center Press, 1990.■ Medeiros Ferreira, José. Ensaio Histórico sobre a revolução do 25 de Abril. Lisbon, 1983.■ Medina, João, ed. Portugal De Abril: Do 25 Aos Nossos Dias. In Medina, ed., História Contemporãnea De Portugal. Lisbon, 1985. Merten, Peter. Anarchismus ünd Arbeiterkãmpf in Portugal. Hamburg: Libertare, 1981.■ Miranda, Jorge. Constituição e Democracia. Lisbon, 1976.■. A Constituição de 1976. Lisbon, 1978.■ Morrison, Rodney J. Portugal: Revolutionary Change in an Open Economy. Boston: Auburn House, 1981.■ Mujal-Leôn, Eusebio. "The PCP [Portuguese Communist Party] and the Portuguese Revolution." Problems of Communism 26 (Jan.- Feb. 1977): 21-41.■ Neves, Mário. Missão em Moscovo. Lisbon, 1986.■ Oliveira, César. M. F. A. e Revolução Socialista. Lisbon, 1975.■. Os Anos Decisivos: Portugal 1962-1985. Um testemunho. Lisbon: Presença, 1993.■ Opello, Waiter C., Jr. Portugal's Political Development: A Comparative Approach. Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1985.■. Portugal: From Monarchy to Pluralist Democracy. Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1991.■ Pell, Senator Claiborne H. Portugal ( Including the Azores and Spain) in Search of New Directions: Report to the Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1976.■ Pereira, J. Pacheco. "A Case of Orthodoxy: The Communist Party of Portugal." In Waller and Fenema, eds., Communist Parties in Western Europe: Adaptation or Decline? Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1988.■ Pilmott, Ben. "Socialism in Portugal: Was It a Revolution?" Government and Opposition 7 (Summer 1977).■. "Were the Soldiers Revolutionary? The Armed Forces Movement in Portugal, 1973-1976." Iberian Studies 7, 1 (1978): 13-21.■, and Jean Seaton. "Political Power and the Portuguese Media." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal, 43-57. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.■ Porch, Douglas. The Portuguese Armed Forces and the Revolution. London: Croom Helm and Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution Press, 1977.■ Pouchin, Dominique. Portugal, quelle révolution? Paris, 1976.■ Pulido Valente, Vasco. "E Viva Otelo." In Pulido Valente, V., ed., O País das Maravilhas, 451-54. Lisbon, 1979 [anthology of articles from weekly Lisbon paper, Expresso].■. Estudos Sobre a Crise Nacional. Lisbon, 1980.■ Rebelo de Sousa, Marcelo. O Sistema de Governo Português antes e depois da Revisão Constitucional, 3rd ed. Lisbon, 1981. Rêgo, Raúl. Militares, Clérigos e Paisanos. Lisbon, 1981. Robinson, Richard A. H. Contemporary Portugal: A History. London: Allen & Unwin, 1979.■ Rodrigues, Avelino, Cesário Borga, and Mário Cardoso. O Movemento dos Capitães e o 25 de Abril. Lisbon, 1974.■. Portugal Depois De Abril. Lisbon, 1976.■ Ruas, H. B., ed. A Revolução das Flores. Lisbon, 1975.■ Rudel, Christian. La Liberte couleur d'oeillet. Paris: Fayard, 1980.■ Sa, Tiago Moreira de. Os Americanos na Revolucao Portuguesa ( 1974-1976). Lisbon: Edit. Noticias, 2004.■ Sá Carneiro, Francisco. Por Uma Social-Democracia Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1975.■ Sanches Osôrio, Helena. Um Só Rosto. Uma Só Fé. Conversas Com Adelino Da Palma Carlos. Lisbon, 1988. Sanches Osôrio, J. The Betrayal of the 25th of April in Portugal. Madrid: Sedmay, 1975.■ Schmitter, Philippe C. "Liberation by Golpe: Retrospective Thoughts on the Demise of Authoritarian Rule in Portugal." Armed Forces and Society 2 (1974): 5-33.■. "An Introduction to Southern European Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Italy, Greece, Portugal, Spain and Turkey." In G. O'Donnell,■ P. C. Schmitter, and L. Whitehead, eds., Transitions from Authoritarian Rule, 3-10. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986.■ Silva, Fernando Dioga da. "Uma Administração Envelhecido." Revista da Ad-ministraçao Pública 2 (Oct.-Dec. 1979).■ Simões, Martinho, ed. Relatório Do 25 De Novembro: Texto Integral, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1976.■ Soares, Isabel, ed. Mário Soares: O homem e o político. Lisbon, 1976. Soares, Mário. Democratização e Descolonização: Dez meses no Governo Provisório. Lisbon, 1975. Sobel, Lester A., ed. Portuguese Revolution, 1974-1976. New York: Facts on File, Inc., 1976.■ Spínola, Antônio de. Portugal e o Futuro. Lisbon, 1974.■. País Sem Rumo: Contributo para a História de uma Revolução. Lisbon, 1978.■ Story, Jonathan. "Portugal's Revolution of Carnations: Patterns of Change and Continuity." International Affairs 52 (July 1976): 417-34. Sweezey, Paul. "Class Struggles in Portugal." Monthly Review 27, 4 (Sept. 1975): 1-26.■ Szulc, Tad. "Lisbon and Washington: Behind Portugal's Revolution." Foreign Policy 21 (Winter 1975-76): 3-62. Tavares de Almeida, Antônio. Balsemão: O retrato. Lisbon, 1981. "Vasco." Desenhos Políticos. Lisbon, 1974.■ Vasconcelos, Alvaro. "Portugal in Atlantic-Mediterranean Security." In Douglas T. Stuart, ed., Politics and Security in the Southern Region of the Atlantic Alliance, 117-36. London: Macmillan, 1988.■ Wheeler, Douglas L. "Golpes militares e golpes literários. A literatura do golpe de 25 de Abril de 1974 em contexto histôrico." Penélope. Fazer E Desfazer A História, 19-20 (1998): 191-212.■. "Tributo ao Historiador dos Historiadores. Memorias de A.H.de Oliveira Marques (1933-2007)," Historia XXIX, 95, III series (March 2007), 18-22.■ Wiarda, Howard J. Transcending Corporatism? The Portuguese Corporative System and the Revolution of 1974. Columbia: Institute of International Studies, University of South Carolina, 1976.■. The Transition to Democracy in Spain and Portugal. Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1989. Wise, Audrey. Eyewitness in Revolutionary Portugal. With a Preface by Judith Hart, MP. London: Spokesman, 1975.■ PHYSICAL FEATURES: GEOGRAPHY, GEOLOGY, FAUNA, AND FLORA■ Birot, Pierre. Le Portugal: Étude de géographie régionale. Paris, 1950.■ Embleton, Clifford. Geomorphology of Europe. London: Macmillan, 1984.■ Girão, Aristides de Amorim. Divisão regional, divisão agrícola e divisão administrativa. Coimbra, 1932.■. Condições geográficos e históricas de autonomia política de Portugal. Coimbra, 1935.■. Atlas de Portugal, 2nd ed. Coimbra, 1958.■ Ribeiro, Orlando. Portugal, O Mediterrâneo e o Altântico. Coimbra, 1945 and later eds.■. Portugal. Volume V of Geografia de Espana y Portugal. Barcelona, 1955.■. Ensaios de Geografia Humana e regio nal. Lisbon, 1970.■. A geografia e a divisão regional do país. Lisbon, 1970.■ Stanislawski, Dan. The Individuality of Portugal. Austin: The University of Texas Press, 1959.■. Portugal's Other Kingdom: The Algarve. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1963.■ Taylor, Albert William. Wild Flowers of Spain and Portugal. London: Chatto & Windus, 1972.■ Way, Ruth, and Margaret Simmons. A Geography of Spain and Portugal. London: Methuen, 1962.■ ARCHAEOLOGY AND PREHISTORY■ "Actas do Colóquio Inter-Universitário do Noroeste Peninsular (Porto-Baião, 1988), vol. II, Proto-História, romanização e Idade Média." In Trabalhos de antropologia e etnologia. 28, 3-4 (1988).■ Alarcão, Jorge de, ed. "Do Paleolítico va arte visigótica." Vol. 1, História da■ Arte em Portugal. Lisbon: Alfa, 1986.■. Roman Portugal, 3 vols. Warminister, U.K.: Aris & Phillips, 1988.■. Portugal Das Orígens A Romanização. Vol. I. In J. Serrão and A. H. de Oliveira Marques, eds. Nova História de Portugal. Lisbon: Presença, 1990. Anderson, James M., and M. S. Lea. Portugal 1001 Sights: An Archaeological and Historical Guide. Calgary, Alberta: University of Calgary and Robert Hale, 1994.■ Balmuth, Miriam S., Antonio Gilman, and Lourdes Prados-Torreira, eds. Encounters and Transformations: The Archaeology of Iberia in Transition. Monographs in Mediterranean Archaeology, no. 7. Sheffield, U.K.: Sheffield Academic Press, 1997.■ Beirão, C. M. M. Une civilization protohistorique du Sud au Portugal ( 1er Age du Fer). Paris: D. Boccard, 1986.■ Cardoso, João Luís, Santinho A. Cunha, and Delberto Aguiar. O Homem Pre-Histórico no Concelho de Oeiras. Oeiras, Portugal: Estudos Arquelógicos de Oeiras, 1991.■ Harrison, Richard J. The Bell Beaker Cultures of Spain and Portugal. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1977.■ Mangas, Júlio, ed. Hispania epigraphica. Madrid, 1989.■ Maloney, Stephanie J. "The Villa of Toerre de Palma, Portugal: Archaeology and Preservation." Portuguese Studies Review VIII, 1 (Fall-Winter, 1999-2000): 14-28.■ Savory, H. N. Spain and Portugal: The Prehistory of the Iberian Peninsula. London, 1968.■ Silva, A. C. F. A cultura castreja no Noroeste de Portugal. Paços de Ferreira:■ Museu da Citânia de Sanfins, 1986. Straus, L. G. Iberia before the Iberians. Albuquerque, N.M., 1992.■ FOREIGN TRAVELERS AND RESIDENTS' ACCOUNTS■ Andersen, Hans Christian. A Visit to Portugal 1866. London: Peter Owen, 1972.■ Beckford, William. Italy, with Sketches of Spain and Portugal. Paris: Baudry's European Library, 1834.■ Boyd Alexander, ed. London: Hart-Davies, 1954.■. Recollections of an Excursion to the Monasteries of Alcoboca and Batalha. Fontwell, U.K.: Centaur Press, 1972.■ Bell, Aubrey F. G. In Portugal. London: Bodley Head, 1912.■ Borrow, George. The Bible in Spain, 2 vols. London: Constable, 1923 ed.■ Chaves, Castelo Branco. Os livros de viagens em Portugal no século XVIII e a sua projecção europeia. Lisbon, 1977.■ Costigan, Arthur William. Sketches of Society and Manners in Portugal. London: T. Vernon, 1787.■ Crawfurd, Oswald. Portugal Old and New. London: Kegan, Paul, 1880.■. Round the Calendar in Portugal. London: Chapman & Hall, 1890.■ Darymple, William. Travels through Spain and Portugal in 1774. London: J. Almon, 1777.■ Dumouriez, Charles Francois Duperrier. An Account of Portugal as It Appeared in 1766. London: C. Law, 1797.■ Fielding, Henry. Jonathan Wild and the Journal of a Voyage to Lisbon. London: J. M. Dent, 1932.■ Fullerton, Alice. To Portugal for Pleasure. London: Grafton, 1945.■ Gibbons, John. I Gathered No Moss. London: Robert Hale, 1939.■ Gordon, Jan, and Cora Gordon. Portuguese Somersault. London: Harrap, 1934.■ Hewitt, Richard. A Cottage in Portugal. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996.■ Huggett, Frank. South of Lisbon: Winter Travels in Southern Portugal. London: Gollancz, 1960.■ Hume, Martin. Through Portugal. London: Richards, 1907.■ Hyland, Paul. Backwards Out of the Big World: A Voyage into Portugal. Hammersmith, U.K.: HarperCollins, 1996.■ Jackson, Catherine Charlotte, Lady. Fair Lusitania. London: Bentley, 1874.■ Kelly, Marie Node. This Delicious Land Portugal. London: Hutchinson, 1956.■ Kempner, Mary Jean. Invitation to Portugal. New York: Athenaeum, 1969.■ Kingston, William H. G. Lusitanian Sketches of the Pen and Pencil. 2 vol. London: Parker, 1845.■ Landmann, George. Historical, Military and Picturesque Observations on Portugal. 2 vol. London: Cadell and Davies, 1818.■ Latouche, John [Pseudonym of Oswald Crawfurd]. Travels in Portugal. London: Ward, Lock & Taylor, ca. 1874.■ Link, Henry Frederick. Travels in Portugal and France and Spain. London: Longman & Rees, 1801.■ Macauley, Rose. They Went to Portugal. London: Jonathan Cape, 1946.■. They Went to Portugal, Too. Manchester: Carcanet Books, 1990.■ Merle, Iris. Portuguese Panorama. London: Ouzel, 1958.■ Murphy, J. C. Travels in Portugal. London: 1795.■ Proper, Datus C. The Last Old Place: A Search through Portugal. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992.■ Quillinan, Dorothy [Wordsworth]. Journal of a Few Months in Portugal with Glimpses of the South of Spain. 2 vol. London: Moxon, 1847. Sitwell, Sacheverell. Portugal and Madeira. London: Batsford, 1954. Smith, Karine R. Until Tomorrow: Azores and Portugal. Snohomish, Wash.: Snohomish Publishing, 1978. Southey, Robert. Journals of a Residence in Portugal, 1800-1801 and a Visit to France, 1838. London and New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1912. Thomas, Gordon Kent. Lord Byron's Iberian Pilgrimage. Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University Press, 1983. Twiss, Richard. Travels through Portugal and Spain in 1772-1773. London, 1775.■ Watson, Gilbert. Sunshine and Sentiment in Portugal. London: Arnold, 1904. Wheeler, Douglas L. "A[n American] Fulbrighter in Lisbon, Portugal, 196162." Portuguese Studies Review 1 (1991): 9-16.■ PORTUGUESE CARTOGRAPHY, DISCOVERIES, AND NAVIGATION■ Albuquerque, Luís de. Curso de História de Naútica. Coimbra, 1972.■. Introdução a história dos descobrimentos, 3rd ed. Mem Martins, 1983.■. Os Descobrimentos Portugueses. Lisbon: Alfa, 1983.■. Portuguese Books on Nautical Science from Pedro Nunes to 1650. Lisbon, 1984.■. Os Descobrimentos Portugueses. Lisbon, 1985.■ Boorstin, Daniel. The Discoverers. New York: Random House, 1983. Boxer, C. R. The Portuguese Seaborne Empire, 1415-1825. London: Hutchinson, 1969.■ Brazão, Eduardo. La découverte de Terre-Neuve. Montreal: Les Presses de l'Université, 1964.■. "Les Corte-Real et le Nouveau Monde." 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Brother Luiz de Sousa [play]. Edgar Prestage, trans. London: Elkin Mathess, 1909.■. Travels in My Homeland. John M. Parker, trans. London: Peter Owen and UNESCO, 1987. Griffin, Jonathan. Camões: Some Poems Translated from the Portuguese by Jonathan Griffin. London: Menard Press, 1976. Jorge, Lídia. The Murmuring Coast. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995.■ Lisboa, Eugénio, ed. Portuguese Short Fiction. Manchester, U.K.: Carcanet, 1997.■ Lopes, Fernão. The English in Portugal 1367-87: Extracts from the Chronicles of Dom Fernando and Dom João. Derek W. Lomax and R. J. Oakley, eds. and trans. Warminster, U.K.: Aris & Phillips, 1988.■ Macedo, Helder, ed. Contemporary Portuguese Poetry: An Anthology in English. Helder Macedo, et al., trans. Manchester, U.K.: Carcanet New Press, 1978.■ Martins, J. P. De Oliveira. A History of Iberian Civilization. Aubrey F. G. Bell, trans.; preface by Salvador de Madariaga. New York: Cooper Square, 1969.■ Mendes Pinto, Fernão. 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Análise Social [special number on Portuguese Women and Feminism] 22 (1986): 92-93.■ Osório, Ana de Castro. As Mulheres Portuguesas. Lisbon, 1905.■ Sadlier, Darlene J. The Question of How: Women Writers and New Portuguese Literature. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood; Contributions in Women's Studies, no. 109, 1989.■ Silva, Manuela. The Employment of Women in Portugal. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications, European Communities, 1984. Velho da Costa, Maria. Maina Mendes. Lisbon, 1974.■ Vicente, Ana, and Maria Reynolds de Souza. Family Planning in Portugal. Lisbon, 1984.■ Almeida, Fortunato de. História da Igreja em Portugal. 6 vols. Coimbra, 1910-24, and Oporto, 1967-72. Alonso, Joaquim Maria. The Secret of Fátima: Fact and Legend. Cambridge, Mass.: Ravengate Press, 1979. Alves, José da Felicidade, ed. Católicos e política de Humberto Delgado à Marcelo Caetano. Lisbon, 1969. Araújo, Miguel de, ed. Dicionario político; 1; Os Bispos e a revoluçao de Abril. Lisbon, 1976. Bishko, Charles Julian. Spanish and Portuguese Monastic History 600-1300. London, Variorum Reprints, 1984.■ Blanshard, Paul. Freedom and Catholic Power in Spain and Portugal. Boston: Beacon Press, 1962.■ Boxer, C. R. The Church Militant and Iberian Expansion 1440-1770. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978. Bruneau, Thomas C. "Church and State in Portugal: Crises of Cross and Sword." Journal of Church and State XVIII (1976): 463-90. Freire, José Geraldes. Resistência Católico ao Salazarismo-Marcelismo. Oporto, 1976.■ Herculano, Alexandre. History of the Origin and Establishment of the Inquisition in Portugal. John C. Banner, trans. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1962.■ IPOPE. Estudo sobre liberdade e religião em Portugal. Lisbon, 1973. Johnston, Francis. Fátima: The Great Sign. Chulmleigh, U.K.: Augustine Publications, 1980.■ Kondor, Fr. Louis. Fátima in Lucia's Own Words: Sister Lucia's Memoirs. Fatima: Postulation Center, 1976. Lourenço, Joaquim Maria. Situação jurídica da Igreja em Portugal. Coimbra, 1943.■ Mattoso, José. Religião e Cultura na Idade Média Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1982. Miller, Samuel J. Portugal and Rome c. 1748-1830: An Aspect of Catholic Enlightenment. Rome: Universita Gregoriana Editrice, 1978. O'Malley, John W. The First Jesuits. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1993.■ Pattee, Richard. Portugal and the Portuguese World. Milwaukee, Wisc.: Bruce, 1957.■ Prestage, Edgar. Portugal: A Pioneer of Christianity. Lisbon, 1945.■ Richard, Robert. Etudes sur l'histoire morale et religieuse de Portugal. Paris: Centro Cultural de Gulbenkian, 1970.■ Robinson, Richard A. H. "The Religious Question and Catholic Revival in Portugal, 1900-1930." Journal of Contemporary History XII (1977): 345-62.■. Contemporary Portugal: A History. London: Allen & Unwin, 1979.■ Rodrigues, R. P. Francisco. História da Companhia de Jesus na Assistência de Portugal, 7 vols. Lisbon, 1931-50.■ Roth, Cecil. A History of the Marranos. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1932.■ Agriculture, Viticulture, and Fishing■ Abreu-Ferreira, Darlene. "The Portuguese in Newfoundland: Documentary Evidence Examined." Portuguese Studies Review 4, 1 (1995-96): 11-33.■ Allen, H. Warner. The Wines of Portugal. London: Michael Joseph, 1963.■ Barros, Afonso de. A reforma agrária em Portugal. Oeiras, 1979.■ Beamish, Huldine V. The Hills of Alentejo. London: Geoffrey Bles, 1958.■ Bennett, Norman R. "The Golden Age of the Port Wine System, 1781-1807." The International History Review XII (1990): 221-18.■ Black, Richard. "The Myth of Subsistence: Market Production in the Small Farm Sector of Northern Portugal." Iberian Studies 1, 8 (1989): 25-41.■ Bravo, Pedro, and Duarte de Oliveira. Viticulture Moderna. Lisbon, 1974.■. Vinhas e Vinhos De Portugal. Lisbon, 1979.■ Cabral, Manuel V. "Agrarian Structures and Recent Movements in Portugal." Journal of Peasant Studies 4, 5 (July 1978): 411-45.■ Cardoso, José Carvalho. A Agricultura Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1973.■ Carvalho, Bento de. Guía Dos Vinhos Portugueses. Lisbon, 1982.■ Clarke, Robert. Open Boat Whaling in the Azores: The History and Present Methods of a Relic Industry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1954.■ Cockburn, Ernest. Port Wine and Oporto. London: Wine & Spirit, 1949. Cole, S. C. "Cod, Cod Country and Family: The Portuguese Newfoundland Fishery." Mast 3, 1 (1990): 1-29.■ Coull, James. The Fisheries of Europe. London: G. Bell & Sons, 1972.■ Croft-Cooke, Rupert. Port. London: Putnam, 1957.■. Madeira. London: Putnam, 1961.■ Delaforce, John. The Factory House at Oporto. London: Christie's Wine Publications, 1979 and later eds.■ Doel, Patricia A. Port O'Call: Memories of the Portuguese White Fleet in St. John's Newfoundland. St. John's, Newfoundland: ISER, 1992.■ Fletcher, Wyndham. Port: An Introduction to Its History and Delights. London: Bernet, 1978.■ Francis, A. D. The Wine Trade. London: Adam and Charles Black, 1972.■ Freitas, Eduardo, João Ferreira de Almeida, and Manuel Villaverde Cabral. Modalidades de penetração do capitalismo na agricultura: estruturas agrárias em Portugal Continental, 1950-1970. Lisbon, 1976.■ Gonçalves, Francisco Esteves. Portugal: A Wine Country. Lisbon, 1984.■ Gulbenkian Foundation. Agrarian Reform. Lisbon, 1981.■ Kurlansky, Mark. Cod: A Biography of the Fish That Changed the World. New York: Walker, 1997.■ Malefakis, Edward. "Two Iberian Land Reforms Compared: Spain, 1931-1936 and Portugal, 1974—1978." In Gulbenkian Foundation, Agrarian Reform. Lisbon, 1981.■ Moutinho, M. História da pesca do bacalhau. Lisbon: Imprensa Universitária, 1985.■ Oliveira Marques, A. H. de. lntrodução a história da agricultura em Portugal.■ Lisbon, 1968. Pato, Octávio. O Vinho. Lisbon, 1971.■ Pearson, Scott R. Portuguese Agriculture in Transition. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1987.■ Postgate, Raymond. Portuguese Wine. London: Dent, 1969.■ Read, Jan. The Wines of Portugal. London: Faber & Faber, 1982.■ Robertson, George. Port. London: Faber & Faber, 1982 ed.■ Rutledge, Ian. "Land Reform and the Portuguese Revolution." Journal of Peasant Studies 5, 1 (Oct. 1977): 79-97.■ Sanceau, Elaine. The British Factory at Oporto. Oporto, 1970.■ Simon, Andre L. Port. London: Constable, 1934.■ Simões, J. Os grandes trabalhadores do Mar: Reportagens na Terra Nova e na Groenlândia. Lisbon: Gazeta dos Caminho de Ferro, 1942.■ Smith, Diana. Portugal and the Challenge of 1992: Special Report. New York: Camões Center/RIIC, Columbia University, 1990.■ Stanislawski, Dan. Landscapes of Bacchus: The Vine in Portugal. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1970.■ Teixeira, Carlos, and Victor M. Pereira da Rosa, eds. The Portuguese in Canada: From the Seat to the City. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2000.■ Unwin, Tim. "Farmers' Perceptions of Agrarian Change in Northwest Portugal." Journal of Rural Studies 1, 4 (1985): 339-57.■ Valadão do Valle, E. Bacalhau: tradições históricas e económicos. Lisbon, 1991.■ Venables, Bernard. Baleia! The Whalers of Azores. London: Bodley Head, 1968.■ Villiers, Alan. The Quest of the Schooner Argus: A Voyage to the Banks and Greenland. New York: Scribners, 1951. World Bank. Portugal: Agricultural Survey. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1978.■ ECONOMY, INDUSTRY, AND DEVELOPMENT■ Aiyer, Srivain, and Shahid A. Chandry. Portugal and the E.E.C.: Employment and Implications. Lisbon, 1979.■ Baklanoff, Eric N. The Economic Transformation of Spain and Portugal. New York: Praeger, 1978.■. "Changing Systems: The Portuguese Revolution and the Public Enterprise Sector." ACES ( Association of Comparative Economic Studies) Bulletin 26 (Summer-Fall 1984): 63-76.■. "Portugal's Political Economy: Old and New." In K. Maxwell and M. Haltzel, eds., Portugal: Ancient Country, Young Democracy, 37-59. Washington, D.C.: Wilson Center Press, 1990.■ Barbosa, Manuel P. Growth, Migration and the Balance of Payments in a Small, Open Economy. New York: Garland, 1984.■ Braga de Macedo, Jorge, and Simon Serfaty, eds. Portugal since the Revolution: Economic and Political Perspectives. Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1981.■ Carvalho, Camilo, et al. Sabotagem Econômica: " Dossier" Banco Espírito Santo e Comercial de Lisboa. Lisbon, 1975.■ Corkill, David. The Development of the Portuguese Economy: A Case of Euro-peanization. London: Routledge, 1999.■ Cravinho, João. "The Portuguese Economy: Constraints and Opportunities." In K. Maxwell, ed., Portugal in the 1980s, 111-65. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1986.■ Dornsbusch, Rudiger, Richard S. Eckhaus, and Lane Taylor. "Analysis and Projection of Macroeconomic Conditions in Portugal." In L. S. Graham and H. M. Makler, eds., Contemporary Portugal, 299-330. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979.■ The Economist (London). "On the Edge of Europe: A Survey of Portugal." (June 30, 1981): 3-27.■. "Coming Home: A Survey of Portugal." (May 28, 1988).■. 'The New Iberia: Not Quite Kissing Cousins" [Spain and Portugal]. (May 5, 1990): 21-24.■ Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian and German Marshall Fund of the U.S., eds. II Conferência Internacional sobre e Economia Portuguesa, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1979.■ Hudson, Mark. Portugal to 1993: Investing in a European Future. London: The Economist Intelligence Unit/Special Report No. 11 57/EIU Economic Prospects Series, 1989.■ International Labour Office (ILO). Employment and Basic Needs in Portugal. Geneva: ILO, 1979.■ Kavalsky, Basil, and Surendra Agarwal. Portugal: Current and Prospective Economic Trends. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1978.■ Krugman, Paul, and Jorge Braga de Macedo. "The Economic Consequences of the April 25th Revolution." Economia III (1979): 455-83.■ Lewis, John R., and Alan M. Williams. "The Sines Project: Portugal's Growth Centre or White Elephant?" Town Planning Review 56, 3 (1985): 339-66.■ Makler, Harry M. "The Consequences of the Survival and Revival of the Industrial Bourgeoisie." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal, 251-83. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.■ Marques, A. La Politique Economique Portugaise dans la Période de la Dictature ( 1926-1974). Doctoral thesis, 3rd cycle, University of Grenoble, France, 1980.■ Martins, B. Sociedades e grupos em Portugal. Lisbon, 1973.■ Mata, Eugenia, and Nuno Valério. História Econômica De Portugal: Uma Perspectiva Global. Lisbon: Edit. Presença, 1994. Murteira, Mário. "The Present Economic Situation: Its Origins and Prospects." In L. S. Graham and H. M. Makler, eds., Contemporary Portugal, 331-42. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979. OCED. Economic Survey: Portugal: 1988. Paris: OCED, 1988 [see also this series since 1978].■ Pasquier, Albert. L'Economie du Portugal: Données et Problémes de Son Expansion. Paris: Librarie Generale de Droit, 1961. Pereira da Moura, Francisco. Para onde vai e economia portuguesa? Lisbon, 1973.■ Pintado, V. Xavier. Structure and Growth of the Portuguese Economy. Geneva: EFTA, 1964.■ Pitta e Cunha, Paulo. "Portugal and the European Economic Community." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal, 321-38. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.■. "The Portuguese Economic System and Accession to the European Community." In E. Sousa Ferreira and W. C. Opello, Jr., eds., Conflict and Change in Portugal, 1974-1984, 281-300. Lisbon, 1985. Porto, Manuel. "Portugal: Twenty Years of Change." In Alan Williams, ed., Southern Europe Transformed, 84-112. London: Harper & Row, 1984. Quarterly Economic Review. London: The Economist Intelligence Unit, 1974-present.■ Salgado de Matos, Luís. Investimentos Estrangeiros em Portugal. Lisbon, 1973 and later eds.■ Schmitt, Hans O. Economic Stabilisation and Growth in Portugal. Washington, D.C.: International Monetary Fund, 1981.■ Smith, Diana. Portugal and the Challenge of 1992. New York: Camões Center, RIIC, Columbia University, 1989.■ Tillotson, John. The Portuguese Bank Note Case [ 1920s]: Legal, Economic and Financial Approaches to the Measure of Damages in Contract. Manchester, U.K.: Faculty of Law, University of Manchester, 1992.■ Tovias, Alfred. Foreign Economic Relations of the Economic Community: The Impact of Spain and Portugal. Boulder, Colo.: Rienner, 1990.■ Valério, Nuno. A moeda em Portugal, 1913-1947. Lisbon: Sá da Costa, 1984.■. As Finanças Públicas Portuguesas Entre As Duas Guerras Mundiais. Lisbon: Cosmos, 1994.■ World Bank. Portugal: Current and Prospective Economic Trends. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1978 and to the present.■ PHOTOGRAPHY ON PORTUGAL■ Alves, Afonso Manuel, Antônio Sacchetti, and Moura Machado. Lisboa. Lisbon, 1991.■ Antunes, José. Lisboa do nosso olhar; A look on Lisbon. Lisbon: Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, 1991. Beaton, Cecil. Near East. London: Batsford, 1943.■. Lisboa 1942: Cecil Beaton, Lisbon 1942. Lisbon: British Historical Society of Portugal/Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, 1995.■ Bottineau, Yves. Portugal. London: Thames & Hudson, 1957.■ Câmara Municipal de Lisboa. 7 Olhares ( Seven Viewpoints). Lisbon: Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, 1998.■ Capital, A. Lisboa: Imagens d'A Capital. Lisbon: Edit. Notícias, 1984.■ Dias, Marina Tavares. Photographias de Lisboa, 1900 ( Photographs of Lisbon, 1900). Lisbon: Quimera, 1991.■. Os melhores postais antigos de Lisboa ( The best old postcards of Lisbon). Lisbon: Químera, 1995.■ Finlayson, Graham, and Frank Tuohy. Portugal. London: Thames & Hudson, 1970.■ Glassner, Helga. Portugal. Berlin-Zurich: Atlantis-Verlag, 1942. Hopkinson, Amanda, ed. Reflections by Ten Portuguese photographers. Bark-way, U.K.: Frontline/Portugal 600, 1996.■ Lima, Luís Leiria, and Isabel Salema. Lisboa de Pedra e Bronze. Lisbon, 1990.■ Martins, Miguel Gomes. Lisboa ribeirinha ( Riverside Lisbon). Lisbon: Arquivo Municipal, Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, Livros Horizonte, 1994. Vieira, Alice. Esta Lisboa ( This Lisbon). Lisbon: Caminho, 1994. Wohl, Hellmut, and Alice Wohl. Portugal. London: Frederick Muller, 1983.■ EQUESTRIANISM■ Andrade, Manoel Carlos de, Luz da Liberal e Nobre Arte da Cavallaria. Lisbon, 1790.■ Graciosa, Filipe. Escola Portuguesa de Arte Equestre. Lisbon, 2004.■ Horsetalk Magazine. Published in New Zealand.■ Oliveira, Nuno. Reflections on the Equestrian Art. London, 2000.■ Russell, Eleanor, ed. The Truth in the Teaching of Nuno Oliveira. Stanhope,■ Queensland, Australia, 2003. Vilaca, Luis V., and Pedro Yglesias d'Oliveira, eds. LUSITANO. Coudelarias De Portugal. O Cavalo ancestral do Sudoeste da Europa. Lisbon: ICONOM, 2005.■ Websites of interest: www.equestrian.pt portugalweb.comHistorical dictionary of Portugal > CULTURE, LITERATURE, AND LANGUAGE
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13 Historical Portugal
Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims inPortugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and theChurch (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict untilUN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU. -
14 place
pleis
1. noun1) (a particular spot or area: a quiet place in the country; I spent my holiday in various different places.) sitio, lugar2) (an empty space: There's a place for your books on this shelf.) sitio3) (an area or building with a particular purpose: a market-place.) lugar, sitio, local4) (a seat (in a theatre, train, at a table etc): He went to his place and sat down.) sitio, asiento5) (a position in an order, series, queue etc: She got the first place in the competition; I lost my place in the queue.) lugar, puesto6) (a person's position or level of importance in society etc: You must keep your secretary in her place.) sitio7) (a point in the text of a book etc: The wind was blowing the pages of my book and I kept losing my place.) página, punto8) (duty or right: It's not my place to tell him he's wrong.) función, papel, deber, obligación9) (a job or position in a team, organization etc: He's got a place in the team; He's hoping for a place on the staff.) puesto, trabajo10) (house; home: Come over to my place.) casa11) ((often abbreviated to Pl. when written) a word used in the names of certain roads, streets or squares.) plaza12) (a number or one of a series of numbers following a decimal point: Make the answer correct to four decimal places.) punto/espacio decimal
2. verb1) (to put: He placed it on the table; He was placed in command of the army.) colocar, poner, situar2) (to remember who a person is: I know I've seen her before, but I can't quite place her.) situar, recordar, identificar•- go places
- in the first
- second place
- in place
- in place of
- out of place
- put oneself in someone else's place
- put someone in his place
- put in his place
- take place
- take the place of
place1 n1. lugar / sitio2. sitio / plaza / asiento3. casato take place tener lugar / ocurrir / celebrarsewhere did the battle take place? ¿dónde tuvo lugar la batalla?place2 vb poner / colocartr[pleɪs]1 (particular position, part) lugar nombre masculino, sitio2 (proper position) lugar nombre masculino, sitio; (suitable place) lugar nombre masculino adecuado, sitio adecuado4 (in book) página5 (seat) asiento, sitio; (at table) cubierto■ can you save my place? ¿me guardas el sitio?1 (put - gen) poner; (- carefully) colocar2 (find home, job for) colocar3 (rank, class) poner, situar4 (remember - face, person) recordar; (- tune, accent) identificar■ I recognize his face, but I can't quite place him me suena su cara, pero no sé de qué\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLall over the place por todas partes, por todos ladosa place in the sun una posición destacadain place en su sitioin place of somebody / in somebody's place en el lugar de alguienin the first place... en primer lugar...out of place fuera de lugarthere's no place like home no hay nada como estar en casato be placed first «(second etc)» ocupar el primer (segundo etc) puesto, llegar el primero (segundo etc)to change places with somebody cambiar de sitio con alguiento fall into place / fit into place / slot into place encajar, cuadrarto have friends in high places tener amigos influyentesto give place to something dar paso a algoto go from place to place ir de un lugar a otro, ir de un sitio a otro, ir de un lado a otroto go places llegar lejosto hold something in place sujetar algoto know one's place saber el lugar que le corresponde a unoto place a bet hacer una apuestato place an order hacer un pedidoto place one's trust in somebody depositar su confianza en alguiento put oneself in somebody's place ponerse en el lugar de alguiento put somebody in his place poner a alguien en su sitioto take place tener lugarto take second place pasar a un segundo planoto take the place of ocupar el sitio de, reemplazar, sustituirdecimal place SMALLMATHEMATICS/SMALL punto decimalplace of birth lugar nombre masculino de nacimientoplace of residence domicilioplace of worship lugar nombre masculino de cultoplace mat individual nombre masculinoplace name topónimo1) put, set: poner, colocar2) situate: situar, ubicar, emplazarto be well placed: estar bien situadoto place in a job: colocar en un trabajo3) identify, recall: identificar, ubicar, recordarI can't place him: no lo ubico4)to place an order : hacer un pedidoplace n1) space: sitio m, lugar mthere's no place to sit: no hay sitio para sentarse2) location, spot: lugar m, sitio m, parte fplace of work: lugar de trabajoour summer place: nuestra casa de veranoall over the place: por todas partes3) rank: lugar m, puesto mhe took first place: ganó el primer lugar4) position: lugar meverything in its place: todo en su debido lugarto feel out of place: sentirse fuera de lugar5) seat: asiento m, cubierto m (a la mesa)6) job: puesto m7) role: papel m, lugar mto change places: cambiarse los papeles8)to take place : tener lugar9)to take the place of : sustituir an.• ubicación (Informática) s.f.n.• empleo s.m.• encargo s.m.• local s.m.• lugar s.m.• paraje s.m.• plaza s.f.• puesto s.m.• recinto s.m.• sitio s.m.v.• asentar v.• colocar v.• emplazar v.• fijar v.• instalar v.• localizar v.• meter v.• poner v.(§pres: pongo, pones...) pret: pus-pp: puestofut/c: pondr-•)• situar v.• ubicar v.
I pleɪs1)a) c (spot, position, area) lugar m, sitio mshe was in the right place at the right time and got the job — tuvo la suerte de estar allí en el momento oportuno y le dieron el trabajo
from place to place — de un lugar or un sitio or un lado a otro
to have friends in high places — tener* amigos influyentes
all over the place — por todas partes, por todos lados
to go places: this boy will go places — este chico va a llegar lejos
b) ( specific location) lugar mc) (in phrases)in place: when the new accounting system is in place cuando se haya implementado el nuevo sistema de contabilidad; to hold something in place sujetar algo; out of place: modern furniture would look out of place in this room quedaría mal or no resultaría apropiado poner muebles modernos en esta habitación; I felt very out of place there — me sentí totalmente fuera de lugar allí
d) u ( locality) lugar m2) ca) (building, shop, restaurant etc) sitio m, lugar mthey've moved to a bigger place — se han mudado a un local (or a una casa) más grande
b) ( home) casa fwe went back to Jim's place — después fuimos a (la) casa de Jim or (AmL tb) fuimos donde Jim or (RPl tb) a lo de Jim
3) ca) (position, role) lugar mif I were in your place — yo en tu lugar, yo que tú
nobody can ever take your place — nadie podrá jamás ocupar tu lugar or reemplazarte
to know one's place — (dated or hum) saber* el lugar que le corresponde a uno
to put somebody in her/his place — poner* a algn en su lugar
b)in place of — (as prep) en lugar de
c)to take place — ( occur) \<\<meeting/concert/wedding\>\> tener* lugar
we don't know what took place that night — no sabemos qué ocurrió or qué sucedió aquella noche
4) ca) ( seat)save me a place — guárdame un asiento or un sitio
the hall has places for 500 people — la sala tiene capacidad or cabida para 500 personas
b) ( at table) cubierto mto lay/set a place for somebody — poner* un cubierto para algn
5) c (in contest, league) puesto m, lugar mhe took first place — obtuvo el primer puesto or lugar
your social life will have to take second place — tu vida social va a tener que pasar a un segundo plano
6) c (in book, script, sequence)you've made me lose my place — me has hecho perder la página (or la línea etc) por donde iba
7) ca) ( job) puesto mto fill a place — cubrir* una vacante
b) (BrE Educ) plaza fc) ( on team) puesto m8) ( in argument) lugar min the first/second place — en primer/segundo lugar
II
1) (put, position) \<\<object\>\> poner*; (carefully, precisely) colocar*; \<\<guards/sentries\>\> poner*, apostar*, colocar*how are you placed (for) next week? — ¿cómo estás de tiempo la semana que viene?
to place one's confidence o trust in somebody/something — depositar su (or mi etc) confianza en alguien/algo
2)a) (in hierarchy, league, race)national security should be placed above everything else — la seguridad nacional debería ponerse por encima de todo
b) ( in horseracing)to be placed — llegar* placé or colocado ( en segundo o tercer lugar)
3)a) (find a home, job for) colocar*they placed her with a Boston firm — la colocaron or le encontraron trabajo en una empresa de Boston
b) \<\<advertisement\>\> poner*; \<\<phone call\>\> pedir*; \<\<goods/merchandise\>\> colocar*4) ( identify) \<\<tune\>\> identificar*, ubicar* (AmL)her face is familiar, but I can't quite place her — su cara me resulta conocida pero no sé de dónde or (AmL tb) pero no la ubico
5) ( direct carefully) \<\<ball/shot\>\> colocar*[pleɪs]1. Nthis is the place — este es el lugar, aquí es
we came to a place where... — llegamos a un lugar donde...
•
the furniture was all over the place — los muebles estaban todos manga por hombro•
in another or some other place — en otra parte•
any place will do — cualquier lugar vale or sirve•
it all began to fall into place — todo empezó a tener sentido•
when the new law/system is in place — cuando la nueva ley/el nuevo sistema entre en vigora blue suit, worn in places — un traje azul, raído a retazos
the snow was a metre deep in places — había tramos or trozos en que la nieve cubría un metro
•
this is no place for you — este no es sitio para ti•
a place in the sun — (fig) una posición envidiable2) (specific) lugar m•
place of business — [of employment] lugar m de trabajo; (=office) oficina f, despacho m ; (=shop) comercio m3) (=town, area) lugar m, sitio m•
to go places — (US) (=travel) viajar, conocer mundohe's going places * — (fig) llegará lejos
•
from place to place — de un sitio a otrohe drifted from place to place, from job to job — iba de un sitio a otro, de trabajo en trabajo
4) (=house) casa f ; (=building) sitio mwe were at Peter's place — estuvimos en casa de Pedro, estuvimos donde Pedro *
my place or yours? — ¿en mi casa o en la tuya?
I must be mad, working in this place — debo de estar loca para trabajar en este sitio or lugar
5) (in street names) plaza f6) (=proper or natural place) sitio m, lugar mdoes this have a place? — ¿tiene esto un sitio determinado?
•
his troops were in place — sus tropas estaban en su sitiohe checked that his tie was in place — comprobó que llevaba bien puesta or colocada la corbata
•
to be out of place — estar fuera de lugarI feel rather out of place here — me siento como que estoy de más aquí, aquí me siento un poco fuera de lugar
•
to laugh in or at the right place — reírse en el momento oportuno7) (in book) página f•
to find/ lose one's place — encontrar/perder la página•
to mark one's place — poner una marca (de por dónde se va) en un libro8) (=seat) asiento m ; (in cinema, theatre) localidad f ; (at table) cubierto m ; (in queue) turno m ; (in school, university, on trip) plaza f ; (in team) puesto mare there any places left? — ¿quedan plazas?
is this place taken? — ¿está ocupado este asiento?
•
to change places with sb — cambiar de sitio con algn•
to give place to — dar paso a•
to lay an extra place for sb — poner otro cubierto para algn9) (=job, vacancy) puesto mto seek a place in publishing — buscarse una colocación or un puesto en una casa editorial
10) (=position) lugar mif I were in your place — yo en tu lugar, yo que tú
•
I wouldn't mind changing places with her! — ¡no me importaría estar en su lugar!•
to know one's place — saber cuál es su lugar•
racism has no place here — aquí no hay sitio para el racismo•
she occupies a special place in the heart of the British people — ocupa un rincón especial en el corazón del pueblo británico•
to take the place of sth/sb — sustituir or suplir algo/a algnI was unable to go so Sheila took my place — yo no pude ir, así que Sheila lo hizo por mí
11) (in series, rank) posición f, lugar m•
to work sth out to three places of decimals — calcular algo hasta las milésimas or hasta con tres decimales•
Madrid won, with Bilbao in second place — ganó Madrid, con Bilbao en segunda posición or segundo lugar•
she took second place in the race/Latin exam — quedó la segunda en la carrera/el examen de Latínhe didn't like having to take second place to his wife in public — delante de la gente no le gustaba quedar en un segundo plano detrás de su mujer
for her, money takes second place to job satisfaction — para ella un trabajo gratificante va antes que el dinero
- put sb in his place12) (other phrases)•
in the first/ second place — en primer/segundo lugar•
in place of — en lugar de, en vez de•
to take place — tener lugarthe marriage will not now take place — ahora la boda no se celebrará, ahora no habrá boda
there are great changes taking place — están ocurriendo or se están produciendo grandes cambios
2. VTthe drought is placing heavy demands on the water supply — la sequía está poniendo en serios apuros al suministro de agua
unemployment places a great strain on families — el desempleo somete a las familias a una fuerte presión
2) (=give, attribute) [+ blame] echar (on a); [+ responsibility] achacar (on a); [+ importance] dar, otorgar more frm (on a)•
I had no qualms about placing my confidence in him — no tenía ningún reparo en depositar mi confianza en él•
they place too much emphasis on paper qualifications — le dan demasiada importancia a los títulos•
we should place no trust in that — no hay que fiarse de eso3) (=situate) situar, ubicarhow are you placed for money? — ¿qué tal andas de dinero?
4) (Comm) [+ order] hacer; [+ goods] colocar; (Econ) [+ money, funds] colocar, invertirgoods that are difficult to place — mercancías fpl que no encuentran salida
bet 3., 1)to place a contract for machinery with a French firm — firmar un contrato con una compañía francesa para adquirir unas máquinas
5) (=find employment for) [agency] encontrar un puesto a, colocar; [employer] ofrecer empleo a, colocar; (=find home for) colocarthe child was placed with a loving family — el niño fue (enviado) a vivir con una familia muy cariñosa
6) (of series, rank) colocar, clasificarto be placed — (in horse race) llegar colocado
they are currently placed second in the league — actualmente ocupan el segundo lugar de la clasificación
7) (=recall, identify) recordar; (=recognize) reconocer; (=identify) identificar, ubicar (LAm)I can't place her — no recuerdo de dónde la conozco, no la ubico (LAm)
3.VI(US) (in race, competition)to place second — quedar segundo, quedar en segundo lugar
4.CPDplace card N — tarjeta que indica el lugar de alguien en la mesa
place kick N — (Rugby) puntapié m colocado; (Ftbl) tiro m libre
place names (as study, in general) toponimia fplace name N — topónimo m
place setting N — cubierto m
* * *
I [pleɪs]1)a) c (spot, position, area) lugar m, sitio mshe was in the right place at the right time and got the job — tuvo la suerte de estar allí en el momento oportuno y le dieron el trabajo
from place to place — de un lugar or un sitio or un lado a otro
to have friends in high places — tener* amigos influyentes
all over the place — por todas partes, por todos lados
to go places: this boy will go places — este chico va a llegar lejos
b) ( specific location) lugar mc) (in phrases)in place: when the new accounting system is in place cuando se haya implementado el nuevo sistema de contabilidad; to hold something in place sujetar algo; out of place: modern furniture would look out of place in this room quedaría mal or no resultaría apropiado poner muebles modernos en esta habitación; I felt very out of place there — me sentí totalmente fuera de lugar allí
d) u ( locality) lugar m2) ca) (building, shop, restaurant etc) sitio m, lugar mthey've moved to a bigger place — se han mudado a un local (or a una casa) más grande
b) ( home) casa fwe went back to Jim's place — después fuimos a (la) casa de Jim or (AmL tb) fuimos donde Jim or (RPl tb) a lo de Jim
3) ca) (position, role) lugar mif I were in your place — yo en tu lugar, yo que tú
nobody can ever take your place — nadie podrá jamás ocupar tu lugar or reemplazarte
to know one's place — (dated or hum) saber* el lugar que le corresponde a uno
to put somebody in her/his place — poner* a algn en su lugar
b)in place of — (as prep) en lugar de
c)to take place — ( occur) \<\<meeting/concert/wedding\>\> tener* lugar
we don't know what took place that night — no sabemos qué ocurrió or qué sucedió aquella noche
4) ca) ( seat)save me a place — guárdame un asiento or un sitio
the hall has places for 500 people — la sala tiene capacidad or cabida para 500 personas
b) ( at table) cubierto mto lay/set a place for somebody — poner* un cubierto para algn
5) c (in contest, league) puesto m, lugar mhe took first place — obtuvo el primer puesto or lugar
your social life will have to take second place — tu vida social va a tener que pasar a un segundo plano
6) c (in book, script, sequence)you've made me lose my place — me has hecho perder la página (or la línea etc) por donde iba
7) ca) ( job) puesto mto fill a place — cubrir* una vacante
b) (BrE Educ) plaza fc) ( on team) puesto m8) ( in argument) lugar min the first/second place — en primer/segundo lugar
II
1) (put, position) \<\<object\>\> poner*; (carefully, precisely) colocar*; \<\<guards/sentries\>\> poner*, apostar*, colocar*how are you placed (for) next week? — ¿cómo estás de tiempo la semana que viene?
to place one's confidence o trust in somebody/something — depositar su (or mi etc) confianza en alguien/algo
2)a) (in hierarchy, league, race)national security should be placed above everything else — la seguridad nacional debería ponerse por encima de todo
b) ( in horseracing)to be placed — llegar* placé or colocado ( en segundo o tercer lugar)
3)a) (find a home, job for) colocar*they placed her with a Boston firm — la colocaron or le encontraron trabajo en una empresa de Boston
b) \<\<advertisement\>\> poner*; \<\<phone call\>\> pedir*; \<\<goods/merchandise\>\> colocar*4) ( identify) \<\<tune\>\> identificar*, ubicar* (AmL)her face is familiar, but I can't quite place her — su cara me resulta conocida pero no sé de dónde or (AmL tb) pero no la ubico
5) ( direct carefully) \<\<ball/shot\>\> colocar* -
15 run
run [rʌn]course ⇒ 1 (a), 1 (b) excursion ⇒ 1 (c) trajet ⇒ 1 (e) vol ⇒ 1 (f) série ⇒ 1 (i), 1 (k) tendance ⇒ 1 (l) ruée ⇒ 1 (m) diriger ⇒ 2 (a) organiser ⇒ 2 (b) (faire) marcher ⇒ 2 (c), 3 (k) courir ⇒ 2 (e), 3 (a), 3 (b) transporter ⇒ 2 (i) conduire ⇒ 2 (k) (faire) passer ⇒ 2 (l), 2 (m), 3 (d) se sauver ⇒ 3 (c) couler ⇒ 3 (h), 3 (i) fondre ⇒ 3 (i) circuler ⇒ 3 (l) durer ⇒ 3 (m) être à l'affiche ⇒ 3 (n) (se) présenter ⇒ 2 (q), 3 (r)1 noun∎ he took a short run and cleared the gate après un court élan il a franchi la barrière;∎ at a run en courant;∎ to go for a run aller faire du jogging;∎ to go for a 5-mile run ≃ courir 8 kilomètres;∎ I took the dog for a run in the park j'ai emmené le chien courir dans le parc;∎ two policemen arrived at a run deux policiers sont arrivés au pas de course;∎ to break into a run se mettre à courir;∎ to make a run for it prendre la fuite, se sauver;∎ the murderer is on the run le meurtrier est en cavale;∎ she was on the run from her creditors/the police elle essayait d'échapper à ses créanciers/à la police;∎ we've got them on the run! nous les avons mis en déroute!;∎ figurative we have the run of the house while the owners are away nous disposons de toute la maison pendant l'absence des propriétaires;∎ we give the au pair the run of the place nous laissons à la jeune fille au pair la libre disposition de la maison;∎ you've had a good run (for your money), it's time to step down tu en as bien profité, maintenant il faut laisser la place à un autre;∎ they gave the Russian team a good run for their money ils ont donné du fil à retordre à l'équipe soviétique;∎ familiar to have the runs (diarrhoea) avoir la courante∎ a charity run une course de charité∎ we went for a run down to the coast nous sommes allés nous promener au bord de la mer;∎ she took me for a run in her new car elle m'a emmené faire un tour dans sa nouvelle voiture;∎ humorous shall I make or do a beer run? je vais chercher de la bière?;∎ I do the school run in the morning c'est moi qui emmène les enfants à l'école tous les matins(d) (for smuggling) passage m;∎ the gang used to make runs across the border le gang passait régulièrement la frontière(e) (route, itinerary) trajet m, parcours m;∎ the buses on the London to Glasgow run les cars qui font le trajet ou qui assurent le service Londres-Glasgow;∎ he used to do the London (to) Glasgow run (pilot, bus or train driver) il faisait la ligne Londres-Glasgow;∎ it's only a short run into town le trajet jusqu'au centre-ville n'est pas long;∎ there was very little traffic on the run down nous avons rencontré très peu de circulation∎ bombing run mission f de bombardement∎ to make 10 runs marquer 10 points(h) (track → for skiing, bobsleighing) piste f(i) (series, sequence) série f, succession f, suite f;∎ they've had a run of ten defeats ils ont connu dix défaites consécutives;∎ the recent run of events la récente série d'événements;∎ a run of bad luck une série ou suite de malheurs;∎ you seem to be having a run of good/bad luck on dirait que la chance est/n'est pas de ton côté en ce moment;∎ the play had a triumphant run on Broadway la pièce a connu un succès triomphal à Broadway;∎ the play had a run of nearly two years la pièce a tenu l'affiche (pendant) presque deux ans;∎ to have a long run (of fashion, person in power) tenir longtemps; (of play) tenir longtemps l'affiche;∎ in the long/short run à long/court terme(j) (in card games) suite f∎ a run of fewer than 500 would be uneconomical fabriquer une série de moins de 500 unités ne serait pas rentable(l) (general tendency, trend) tendance f;∎ to score against the run of play marquer contre le jeu;∎ I was lucky and got the run of the cards j'avais de la chance, les cartes m'étaient favorables;∎ the usual run of colds and upset stomachs les rhumes et les maux de ventre habituels;∎ she's well above the average or ordinary run of students elle est bien au-dessus de la moyenne des étudiants;∎ the ordinary run of mankind le commun des mortels;∎ in the ordinary run of things normalement, en temps normal;∎ out of the common run hors du commun∎ the heatwave caused a run on suntan cream la vague de chaleur provoqua une ruée sur les crèmes solaires;∎ a run on the banks un retrait massif des dépôts bancaires;∎ Stock Exchange there was a run on the dollar il y a eu une ruée sur le dollar(n) (operation → of machine) opération f;∎ computer run passage m machine(o) (bid → in election) candidature f;∎ his run for the presidency sa candidature à la présidence(p) (ladder → in stocking, tights) échelle f, maille f filée;∎ I've got a run in my tights mon collant est filé(q) (enclosure → for animals) enclos m;∎ chicken run poulailler m(r) (of salmon) remontée f(a) (manage → company, office) diriger, gérer; (→ shop, restaurant, club) tenir; (→ theatre) diriger; (→ farm) exploiter; (→ newspaper, magazine) rédiger; (→ house) tenir; (→ country) gouverner, diriger;∎ she runs the bar while her parents are away elle tient le bar pendant l'absence de ses parents;∎ a badly run organization une organisation mal gérée;∎ the library is run by volunteer workers la bibliothèque est tenue par des bénévoles;∎ the farm was too big for him to run alone la ferme était trop grande pour qu'il puisse s'en occuper seul;∎ who's running this outfit? qui est le patron ici?;∎ I wish she'd stop trying to run my life! j'aimerais bien qu'elle arrête de me dire comment vivre ma vie!∎ to run a bridge tournament/a raffle organiser un tournoi de bridge/une tombola;∎ they run evening classes in computing ils organisent des cours du soir en informatique;∎ they run extra trains in the summer l'été ils mettent (en service) des trains supplémentaires;∎ several private companies run buses to the airport plusieurs sociétés privées assurent un service d'autobus pour l'aéroport(c) (operate → piece of equipment) faire marcher, faire fonctionner; Computing (program) exécuter, faire tourner;∎ you can run it off solar energy/the mains vous pouvez le faire fonctionner à l'énergie solaire/sur secteur;∎ this computer runs most software on peut utiliser la plupart des logiciels sur cet ordinateur;∎ Aviation to run the engines (for checking) faire le point fixe;∎ I can't afford to run a car any more je n'ai plus les moyens d'avoir une voiture;∎ she runs a Porsche elle roule en Porsche(d) (conduct → experiment, test) effectuer(e) (do or cover at a run → race, distance) courir;∎ to run the marathon courir le marathon;∎ I can still run 2 km in under 7 minutes j'arrive encore à courir ou à couvrir 2 km en moins de 7 minutes;∎ the children were running races les enfants faisaient la course;∎ the race will be run in Paris next year la course aura lieu à Paris l'année prochaine;∎ to run messages or errands faire des commissions ou des courses;∎ he'd run a mile if he saw it il prendrait ses jambes à son cou s'il voyait ça;∎ it looks as if his race is run on dirait qu'il a fait son temps∎ to be run off one's feet être débordé;∎ you're running the poor boy off his feet! le pauvre, tu es en train de l'épuiser!;∎ to run oneself to a standstill courir jusqu'à l'épuisement(g) (enter for race → horse, greyhound) faire courir(h) (hunt, chase) chasser;∎ to run deer chasser le cerf;∎ the outlaws were run out of town les hors-la-loi furent chassés de la ville∎ I'll run you to the bus stop je vais te conduire à l'arrêt de bus;∎ to run sb back home reconduire qn chez lui;∎ I've got to run these boxes over to my new house je dois emporter ces boîtes dans ma nouvelle maison∎ he's suspected of running drugs/guns il est soupçonné de trafic de drogue/d'armes(k) (drive → vehicle) conduire;∎ I ran the car into the driveway j'ai mis la voiture dans l'allée;∎ could you run your car back a bit? pourriez-vous reculer un peu votre voiture?;∎ I ran my car into a lamppost je suis rentré dans un réverbère (avec ma voiture);∎ he tried to run me off the road! il a essayé de me faire sortir de la route!(l) (pass, quickly or lightly) passer;∎ he ran his hand through his hair il se passa la main dans les cheveux;∎ he ran a comb through his hair il se donna un coup de peigne;∎ I'll run a duster over the furniture je passerai un coup de chiffon sur les meubles;∎ she ran her hands over the controls elle promena ses mains sur les boutons de commande;∎ she ran her finger down the list/her eye over the text elle parcourut la liste du doigt/le texte des yeux(m) (send via specified route) faire passer;∎ it would be better to run the wires under the floorboards ce serait mieux de faire passer les fils sous le plancher;∎ we could run a cable from the house nous pourrions amener un câble de la maison;∎ run the other end of the rope through the loop passez l'autre bout de la corde dans la boucle(o) (cause to flow) faire couler;∎ run the water into the basin faites couler l'eau dans la cuvette;∎ to run a bath faire couler un bain∎ the local paper is running a series of articles on the scandal le journal local publie une série d'articles sur le scandale;∎ to run an ad (in the newspaper) passer ou faire passer une annonce (dans le journal)(q) (enter for election) présenter;∎ they're running a candidate in every constituency ils présentent un candidat dans chaque circonscription∎ to run a temperature or fever avoir de la fièvre∎ to run the danger or risk of doing sth courir le risque de faire qch;∎ you run the risk of a heavy fine vous risquez une grosse amende;∎ do you realize the risks you're running? est-ce que vous réalisez les risques que vous prenez?∎ I run every morning in the park je cours tous les matins dans le parc;∎ to come running towards sb accourir vers qn;∎ they ran out of the house ils sont sortis de la maison en courant;∎ to run upstairs/downstairs monter/descendre l'escalier en courant;∎ I had to run for the train j'ai dû courir pour attraper le train;∎ she ran for the police elle a couru chercher la police;∎ run and fetch me a glass of water cours me chercher un verre d'eau;∎ I'll just run across or round or over to the shop je fais un saut à l'épicerie;∎ to run to meet sb courir ou se précipiter à la rencontre de qn;∎ I've been running all over the place looking for you j'ai couru partout à ta recherche;∎ figurative I didn't expect her to go running to the press with the story je ne m'attendais pas à ce qu'elle coure raconter l'histoire à la presse;∎ don't come running to me with your problems ne viens pas m'embêter avec tes problèmes∎ to run in a race (horse, person) participer à une course;∎ there are twenty horses running in the race vingt chevaux participent à la course;∎ she ran for her country in the Olympics elle a couru pour son pays aux jeux Olympiques∎ run for your lives! sauve qui peut!;∎ familiar if the night watchman sees you, run for it! si le veilleur de nuit te voit, tire-toi ou file!;∎ figurative you can't just keep running from your past vous ne pouvez pas continuer à fuir votre passé(d) (pass → road, railway, boundary) passer;∎ a tunnel runs under the mountain un tunnel passe sous la montagne;∎ the railway line runs through a valley/over a viaduct le chemin de fer passe dans une vallée/sur un viaduc;∎ the pipes run under the road les tuyaux passent sous la route;∎ the road runs alongside the river/parallel to the coast la route longe la rivière/la côte;∎ hedgerows run between the fields des haies séparent les champs;∎ the road runs due north la route va droit vers le nord;∎ to run north and south être orienté nord-sud;∎ a canal running from London to Birmingham un canal qui va de Londres à Birmingham;∎ a high fence runs around the building une grande barrière fait le tour du bâtiment;∎ the lizard has red markings running down its back le dos du lézard est zébré de rouge;∎ the line of print ran off the page la ligne a débordé de la feuille;∎ figurative our lives seem to be running in different directions il semble que nos vies prennent des chemins différents∎ the pram ran down the hill out of control le landau a dévalé la côte;∎ the tram runs on special tracks le tramway roule sur des rails spéciaux;∎ the crane runs on rails la grue se déplace sur des rails;∎ the piano runs on casters le piano est monté sur (des) roulettes;∎ the truck ran off the road le camion a quitté la route;∎ let the cord run through your hands laissez la corde filer entre vos mains;∎ his fingers ran over the controls ses doigts se promenèrent sur les boutons de commande;∎ her eyes ran down the list elle parcourut la liste des yeux;∎ a shiver ran down my spine un frisson me parcourut le dos;∎ his thoughts ran to that hot August day in Paris cette chaude journée d'août à Paris lui revint à l'esprit(f) (words, text)∎ how does that last verse run? c'est quoi la dernière strophe?;∎ their argument or reasoning runs something like this voici plus ou moins leur raisonnement;∎ the conversation ran something like this voilà en gros ce qui s'est dit(g) (spread → rumour, news) se répandre(h) (flow → river, water, tap, nose) couler;∎ let the water run until it's hot laisse couler l'eau jusqu'à ce qu'elle soit chaude;∎ the water's run cold l'eau est froide au robinet;∎ you've let the water run cold tu as laissé couler l'eau trop longtemps, elle est devenue froide;∎ your bath is running ton bain est en train de couler;∎ your nose is running tu as le nez qui coule;∎ the cold made our eyes run le froid nous piquait les yeux;∎ the hot water runs along/down this pipe l'eau chaude passe/descend dans ce tuyau;∎ their faces were running with sweat leurs visages ruisselaient de transpiration;∎ tears ran down her face des larmes coulaient sur son visage;∎ the streets were running with blood le sang coulait dans les rues;∎ the river ran red with blood les eaux de la rivière étaient rouges de sang;∎ the Jari runs into the Amazon le Jari se jette dans l'Amazone∎ her mascara had run son mascara avait coulé(j) (in wash → colour, fabric) déteindre;∎ wash that dress separately, the colour might run lave cette robe à part, elle pourrait déteindre(k) (operate → engine, machine, business) marcher, fonctionner;∎ to run on or off electricity/gas/diesel fonctionner à l'électricité/au gaz/au diesel;∎ this machine runs off the mains cet appareil se branche sur (le) secteur;∎ the tape recorder was still running le magnétophone était encore en marche;∎ leave the engine running laissez tourner le moteur;∎ the engine is running smoothly le moteur tourne rond;∎ the new assembly line is up and running la nouvelle chaîne de montage est en service;∎ Computing do not interrupt the program while it is running ne pas interrompre le programme en cours d'exécution;∎ Computing this software runs on DOS ce logiciel tourne sous DOS;∎ Computing running at… cadencé à…;∎ figurative everything is running smoothly tout marche très bien(l) (public transport) circuler;∎ this train doesn't run/only runs on Sundays ce train ne circule pas/ne circule que le dimanche;∎ some bus lines run all night certaines lignes d'autobus sont en service toute la nuit;∎ the buses stop running at midnight après minuit il n'y a plus de bus;∎ trains running between London and Manchester trains qui circulent entre Londres et Manchester;∎ trains running to Calais are cancelled les trains à destination de Calais sont annulés;∎ he took the tube that runs through Clapham il prit la ligne de métro qui passe par Clapham(m) (last) durer; (be valid → contract) être ou rester valide; (→ agreement) être ou rester en vigueur; Finance (→ interest) courir;∎ the sales run from the beginning to the end of January les soldes durent du début à la fin janvier;∎ the sales have only another two days to run il ne reste que deux jours de soldes;∎ the meeting ran for an hour longer than expected la réunion a duré une heure de plus que prévu;∎ I'd like the ad to run for a week je voudrais que l'annonce passe pendant une semaine;∎ the lease has another year to run le bail n'expire pas avant un an;∎ your subscription will run for two years votre abonnement sera valable deux ans;∎ interest runs from 1 January les intérêts courent à partir du 1er janvier∎ the play has been running for a year la pièce est à l'affiche depuis un an;∎ the film is currently running in Hull le film est actuellement sur les écrans à Hull;∎ his new musical should run and run! sa nouvelle comédie musicale devrait tenir l'affiche pendant des mois!;∎ Television this soap opera has been running for twenty years ça fait vingt ans que ce feuilleton est diffusé;∎ America's longest-running TV series la plus longue série télévisée américaine(o) (occur → inherited trait, illness)∎ twins run in our family les jumeaux sont courants dans la famille;∎ heart disease runs in the family les maladies cardiaques sont fréquentes dans notre famille∎ the colours run from dark blue to bright green les couleurs vont du bleu foncé au vert vif∎ to run high (sea) être grosse ou houleuse;∎ feelings or tempers were running high les esprits étaient échauffés;∎ their ammunition was running low ils commençaient à manquer de munitions;∎ our stores are running low nos provisions s'épuisent ou tirent à leur fin;∎ he's running scared il a la frousse;∎ to be running late être en retard, avoir du retard;∎ programmes are running ten minutes late les émissions ont toutes dix minutes de retard;∎ sorry I can't stop, I'm running a bit late désolé, je ne peux pas rester, je suis un peu en retard;∎ events are running in our favour les événements tournent en notre faveur;∎ inflation was running at 18 percent le taux d'inflation était de 18 pour cent(r) (be candidate, stand) se présenter;∎ to run for president or the presidency se présenter aux élections présidentielles, être candidat aux élections présidentielles ou à la présidence;∎ to run for office se porter candidat;∎ she's running on a law-and-order ticket elle se présente aux élections avec un programme basé sur la lutte contre l'insécurité;∎ he ran against Reagan in 1984 il s'est présenté contre Reagan en 1984∎ why don't we run down to the coast/up to London? si on faisait un tour jusqu'à la mer/jusqu'à Londres?∎ to run (before the wind) filer vent arrière;(u) (ladder → stocking, tights) filerBritish courir (çà et là);∎ I've been running about all day looking for you! j'ai passé ma journée à te chercher partout!(meet → acquaintance) rencontrer par hasard, tomber sur; (find → book, reference) trouver par hasard, tomber surtraverser en courantalso figurative courir après;∎ it's not like her to run after a man ce n'est pas son genre de courir après un homme;∎ she spends half her life running after her kids elle passe son temps à être derrière les enfants;∎ he's got all these assistants running after him the whole time il a tout un tas d'assistants qui passent sans arrêt derrière ce qu'il fait(go away) s'en aller, partir;∎ it's getting late, I must be running along il se fait tard, il faut que j'y aille;∎ run along to bed now, children! allez les enfants, au lit maintenant!(a) (from place to place) courir (çà et là)□ ;∎ I've been running around all day looking for you! j'ai passé ma journée à te chercher partout!□∎ he was sure his wife was running around il était sûr que sa femme le trompait□∎ he's always running around with other women il est toujours en train de courir après d'autres femmes∎ their son has run away from home leur fils a fait une fugue;∎ I'll be with you in a minute, don't run away je serai à toi dans un instant, ne te sauve pas;∎ run away and play now, children allez jouer ailleurs, les enfants;∎ figurative to run away from one's responsibilities fuir ses responsabilités;∎ to run away from the facts se refuser à l'évidence(a) (secretly or illegally) partir avec;∎ he ran away with his best friend's wife il est parti avec la femme de son meilleur ami;∎ he ran away with the takings il est parti avec la caisse∎ don't let your excitement run away with you gardez votre calme;∎ she tends to let her imagination run away with her elle a tendance à se laisser emporter par son imagination(c) (get → idea)∎ don't go running away with the idea or the notion that it will be easy n'allez pas vous imaginer que ce sera facile∎ they ran away with nearly all the medals ils ont remporté presque toutes les médailles➲ run back(a) (drive back) raccompagner (en voiture);∎ she ran me back home elle m'a ramené ou raccompagné chez moi en voiture;∎ he ran me back on his motorbike il m'a raccompagné en moto(b) (rewind → tape, film) rembobiner∎ familiar to come running back (errant husband etc) revenir□∎ to run back over sth passer qch en revue∎ to run sth by sb (submit) soumettre qch à qn;∎ you'd better run that by the committee vous feriez mieux de demander l'avis du comité;∎ run that by me again répétez-moi ça➲ run down(a) (reduce, diminish → gen) réduire; (→ number of employees) diminuer; (→ stocks) laisser s'épuiser; (→ industry, factory) fermer progressivement;∎ they are running down their military presence in Africa ils réduisent leur présence militaire en Afrique;∎ the government was accused of running down the steel industry le gouvernement a été accusé de laisser dépérir la sidérurgie;∎ you've run the battery down vous avez déchargé la pile; (of car) vous avez vidé ou déchargé la batterie, vous avez mis la batterie à plat∎ they're always running her friends down ils passent leur temps à dire du mal de ou à dénigrer ses amis□ ;∎ stop running yourself down all the time cesse de te rabaisser constamment(c) (in car → pedestrian, animal) renverser, écraser;∎ he was run down by a bus il s'est fait renverser par un bus∎ I finally ran down the reference in the library j'ai fini par dénicher la référence à la bibliothèque∎ the batteries in the radio are beginning to run down les piles de la radio commencent à être usées➲ run in∎ running in en rodage(a) (encounter → problem, difficulty) rencontrer(b) (meet → acquaintance) rencontrer (par hasard), tomber sur;∎ to run into debt faire des dettes, s'endetter(c) (collide with → of car, driver) percuter, rentrer dans;∎ I ran into a lamppost je suis rentrée dans un réverbère;∎ you should be more careful, you nearly ran into me! tu devrais faire attention, tu as failli me rentrer dedans!(d) (amount to) s'élever à;∎ debts running into millions of dollars des dettes qui s'élèvent à des millions de dollars;∎ takings run into five figures la recette atteint les cinq chiffres(e) (merge into) se fondre dans, se confondre avec;∎ the red runs into orange le rouge devient orange;∎ the words began to run into each other before my eyes les mots commençaient à se confondre devant mes yeux➲ run off∎ run me off five copies of this report faites-moi cinq copies de ce rapport(b) (write quickly) (article) pondre∎ the heats will be run off tomorrow les éliminatoires se disputeront demain(d) (lose → excess weight, fat) perdre en courant∎ I'll be with you in a minute, don't run off je serai à toi dans un instant, ne te sauve pas➲ run on(lines of writing) ne pas découper en paragraphes; (letters, words) ne pas séparer, lier∎ the play ran on for hours la pièce a duré des heures;∎ the discussion ran on for an extra hour la discussion a duré une heure de plus que prévu∎ he does run on rather quand il est parti celui-là, il ne s'arrête plus;∎ he can run on for hours if you let him si tu le laisses faire il peut tenir le crachoir pendant des heures➲ run out(a) (cable, rope) laisser filer∎ to run a batsman out mettre un batteur hors jeu∎ hurry up, time is running out! dépêchez-vous, il ne reste plus beaucoup de temps!;∎ their luck finally ran out la chance a fini par tourner, leur chance n'a pas duré(c) (expire → contract, passport, agreement) expirer, venir à expirationmanquer de;∎ we're running out of ammunition nous commençons à manquer de munitions;∎ we're running out of sugar nous allons nous trouver à court de sucre;∎ he's run out of money il n'a plus d'argent;∎ to run out of patience être à bout de patience;∎ to run out of petrol tomber en panne d'essence(spouse, colleague) laisser tomber, abandonner;∎ she ran out on her husband elle a quitté son mari;∎ his assistants all ran out on him ses assistants l'ont tous abandonné ou laissé tomber➲ run over(pedestrian, animal) écraser;∎ I nearly got run over j'ai failli me faire écraser;∎ he's been run over il s'est fait écraser;∎ the car ran over his legs la voiture lui est passé sur les jambes∎ let's run over the arguments one more time before the meeting reprenons les arguments une dernière fois avant la réunion;∎ could you run over the main points for us? pourriez-vous nous récapituler les principaux points?∎ to run over the allotted time excéder le temps imparti(a) (overflow) déborder;∎ literary my cup runneth over je nage dans le bonheur;∎ to run over with energy/enthusiasm déborder d'énergie/d'enthousiasme(b) (run late) dépasser l'heure; Radio & Television dépasser le temps d'antenne, déborder sur le temps d'antenne;∎ the programme ran over by twenty minutes l'émission a dépassé son temps d'antenne de vingt minutes➲ run past= run bypasser en courant(a) (cross → of person) traverser en courant;∎ figurative money runs through his fingers like water l'argent lui brûle les doigts(b) (pervade → of thought, feeling)∎ a strange idea ran through my mind une idée étrange m'a traversé l'esprit;∎ a thrill of excitement ran through her un frisson d'émotion la parcourut;∎ an angry murmur ran through the crowd des murmures de colère parcoururent la foule;∎ his words kept running through my head ses paroles ne cessaient de retentir dans ma tête;∎ an air of melancholy runs through the whole film une atmosphère de mélancolie imprègne tout le film∎ she ran through the arguments in her mind elle repassa les arguments dans sa tête;∎ let's just run through the procedure one more time reprenons une dernière fois la marche à suivre;∎ I'll run through your speech with you je vous ferai répéter votre discours(d) (read quickly) parcourir (des yeux), jeter un coup d'œil sur∎ he runs through a dozen shirts a week il lui faut une douzaine de chemises par semaine∎ to run sb through (with a sword) transpercer qn (d'un coup d'épée)(a) (amount to) se chiffrer à;∎ her essay ran to twenty pages sa dissertation faisait vingt pages∎ your salary should run to a new computer ton salaire devrait te permettre d'acheter un nouvel ordinateur;∎ the budget won't run to champagne le budget ne nous permet pas d'acheter du champagne➲ run up(a) (debt, bill) laisser s'accumuler;∎ I've run up a huge overdraft j'ai un découvert énorme(c) (sew quickly) coudre rapidement ou à la hâte(climb rapidly) monter en courant; (approach) approcher en courant;∎ a young man ran up to me un jeune homme s'approcha de moi en courant(encounter) se heurter à;∎ we've run up against some problems nous nous sommes heurtés à quelques problèmes -
16 do
du:
1. 3rd person singular present tense - does; verb1) (used with a more important verb in questions and negative statements: Do you smoke?) 02) (used with a more important verb for emphasis; ; ðo sit down) 03) (used to avoid repeating a verb which comes immediately before: I thought she wouldn't come, but she did.) 04) (used with a more important verb after seldom, rarely and little: Little did he know what was in store for him.) 05) (to carry out or perform: What shall I do?; That was a terrible thing to do.) hacer6) (to manage to finish or complete: When you've done that, you can start on this; We did a hundred kilometres in an hour.) hacer7) (to perform an activity concerning something: to do the washing; to do the garden / the windows.) hacer8) (to be enough or suitable for a purpose: Will this piece of fish do two of us?; That'll do nicely; Do you want me to look for a blue one or will a pink one do?; Will next Saturday do for our next meeting?) servir, ir bien, ser suficiente9) (to work at or study: She's doing sums; He's at university doing science.) hacer, dedicarse, estudiar10) (to manage or prosper: How's your wife doing?; My son is doing well at school.) ir11) (to put in order or arrange: She's doing her hair.) arreglar12) (to act or behave: Why don't you do as we do?) hacer, comportarse, actuar13) (to give or show: The whole town gathered to do him honour.) hacer14) (to cause: What damage did the storm do?; It won't do him any harm.) causar, hacer15) (to see everything and visit everything in: They tried to do London in four days.) visitar
2. noun(an affair or a festivity, especially a party: The school is having a do for Christmas.) fiesta, evento- doer- doings
- done
- do-it-yourself
- to-do
- I
- he could be doing with / could do with
- do away with
- do for
- done for
- done in
- do out
- do out of
- do's and don'ts
- do without
- to do with
- what are you doing with
do vb hacerwhat are you doing? ¿qué haces?do as you are told! ¡haz lo que se te dice!how do you do? ¿cómo está usted?Con este saludo, la respuesta típica es también how do you do?to do you good sentarte bien / irte biento do well ir bien / tener éxitowhat do you do? ¿a qué te dedicas? / ¿cuál es tu trabajo?do también se emplea para formular las preguntas en presentedo you like dancing? ¿te gusta bailar?do elephants live in Asia? ¿viven los elefantes en Asia?
Multiple Entries: D.O. do do.
do sustantivo masculino ( nota) C; ( en solfeo) do, doh (BrE);
do sustantivo masculino Mús (de solfeo) doh, do (de escala diatónica) C
do bemol, C-flat
do de pecho, high C
do sostenido, C-sharp Locuciones: dar el do de pecho, to do one's very best 'do' also found in these entries: Spanish: abrochar - acomodada - acomodado - acompañar - anda - animarse - apetecer - apostarse - aprender - arte - así - atañer - atonía - atreverse - bajeza - bastar - bastante - bastarse - bien - bola - bordar - brazo - bricolaje - broma - caballo - cacharro - cada - calaña - campar - capaz - cara - cargar - cascabel - casual - cepillarse - cerrar - colada - coletilla - comer - comandita - comecome - como - componer - componenda - compromiso - común - con - contentarse - contrapelo - corpachón English: about-face - about-turn - actually - advance - again - agree - aim to - all - all-out - allow - any - approachable - approve of - as - ask - aspect - associate - attempt - attribute - authorize - bankrupt - begin - best - born - bunk - burden - business - busywork - by - C - call - can - carry-on - cast - cease - cheap - chief - choose - cleaning - clear - come through - command - commit - compel - compelling - complaint - compute - conception - condescend - conditiondotr[dʊː]■ do you smoke? ¿fumas?■ do you know Susan? ¿conoces a Susan?■ what do they want? ¿qué quieren?■ where does Neil live? ¿dónde vive Neil?■ what film did you see? ¿qué película viste?■ when did they leave? ¿cuándo se fueron?■ do come with us! ¡ánimo, vente con nosotros!■ I did post it, I swear! ¡sí que lo mandé, te lo juro!■ do you like basketball? - yes, I do ¿te gusta el baloncesto? - sí, me gusta■ did you see the film? - no, I didn't ¿viste la película? - no, no la vi■ who wears glasses? - Brian does ¿quién lleva gafas? - Brian■ who broke the vase? - I did ¿quién rompió el florero? - yo■ you don't smoke, do you? no fumas, ¿verdad?■ you like fish, don't you? a ti te gusta el pescado, ¿verdad?■ she lives in Madrid, doesn't she? vive en Madrid, ¿verdad?■ you went to their wedding, didn't you? tú fuiste a su boda, ¿verdad?■ they didn't believe you, did they? no te creyeron, ¿verdad?1 (gen) hacer■ what are you doing here? ¿qué haces aquí?■ what are you doing this weekend? ¿qué vas a hacer este fin de semana?■ whatever you do, don't drink alcohol hagas lo que hagas, no bebas alcohol■ what can I do about it? ¿qué quieres que haga yo?2 (as job) hacer, dedicarse■ what do you do (for a living)? ¿a qué te dedicas?■ what does he want to do when he leaves university? ¿a qué quiere dedicarse cuando deje la universidad?3 (carry out - job, task) hacer, realizar, llevar a cabo; (- duty) cumplir con■ I've got to do the cooking/cleaning tengo que cocinar/limpiar■ have you done your homework? ¿has hecho los deberes?4 (study) estudiar■ do you do biology at school? ¿estudias biología en el instituto?5 (solve - puzzle) solucionar; (- crossword, sum) hacer6 (produce, make - meal) preparar, hacer; (drawing, painting, translation, etc) hacer; (offer - service) servir, tener, hacer; (- discount) hacer■ does this pub do food? ¿sirven comidas en este pub?7 (attend to) atender, servir■ what can I do for you? ¿en qué le puedo servir?8 (put on, produce - play, opera, etc) presentar, dar, poner en escena; (play the part of) hacer el papel de9 (finish, complete) terminar■ have you done moaning? ¿has terminado de protestar?10 (achieve) lograr, conseguir■ he's done it! ¡lo ha conseguido!11 (travel over - distance) recorrer, hacer; (complete - journey) hacer, ir; (travel at - speed) ir a■ we did London to Nottingham in two and a half hours fuimos de Londres a Nottingham en dos horas y media12 (be sufficient for) ser suficiente; (be satisfactory for, acceptable to) ir bien a■ will 6 glasses do you? ¿será suficiente con seis vasos?■ yes, that will do me nicely sí, eso me irá perfectamente13 familiar (cheat, swindle) estafar, timar; (rob) robar; (arrest, convict) coger; (fine) encajar una multa; (serve time in prison) cumplir■ you've been done! ¡te han timado!1 (act, behave) hacer2 (progress) ir■ how are you doing? ¿qué tal vas?, ¿cómo te van las cosas?■ how are we doing for time? ¿cómo andamos de tiempo?3 (complete, finish) terminar■ have you done with the hairdryer? ¿has terminado con el secador?4 (be sufficient) bastar, ser suficiente, alcanzar■ will one slice do for you? ¿tendrás suficiente con una rebanada?■ that'll do! ¡basta!5 (be satisfactory, suitable) servir, estar bien■ well, I suppose it'll have to do bueno, supongo que tendrá que servir■ it (just/simply) won't do no puede ser■ this cushion will do as/for a pillow este cojín servirá de almohada\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLthat does it! ¡esto ya es la gota que colma el vaso!, ¡ya está bien!to be/have to do with somebody/something tener que ver con alguien/algoto do business with somebody negociar con alguiento do drugs drogarse, consumir drogasto do one's best hacer lo mejor posibleto do one's hair peinarseto do one's military service hacer el servicio militarto do one's nails arreglarse las uñasto do something again volver a hacer algoto do something for somebody (help) hacer algo por alguien 2 (flatter, suit) favorecer a alguien, quedarle bien a alguien 3 (please) atraer a alguien, decirle algo a alguienwhat's done is done a lo hecho, pechoyou've done it now ahora sí que la has hecho buena1) carry out, perform: hacer, realizar, llevar a caboshe did her best: hizo todo lo posible2) prepare: preparar, hacerdo your homework: haz tu tarea3) arrange: arreglar, peinar (el pelo)4)to do in ruin: estropear, arruinar5)to do in kill: matar, liquidar famdo vi1) : haceryou did well: hiciste bien2) fare: estar, ir, andarhow are you doing?: ¿cómo estás?, ¿cómo te va?3) finish: terminarnow I'm done: ya terminé4) serve: servir, ser suficiente, alcanzarthis will do for now: esto servirá por el momento5)to do away with abolish: abolir, suprimir6)to do away with kill: eliminar, matar7)to do by treat: tratarhe does well by her: él la trata biendo v auxdo you know her?: ¿la conoces?I don't like that: a mí no me gusta esoI do hope you'll come: espero que vengasdo you speak English? yes, I do: ¿habla inglés? síexpr.• cargarse v.• eliminar v.• liquidar v.expr.• buscarle tres pies al gato expr.• encontrarle defectos a todo expr.v.(§ p.,p.p.: did, done) = arreglar v.• desempeñar v.• ejecutar v.• hacer v.(§pres: hago, haces...) pret: hic-pp: hechofut/c: har-•)• obrar v.• resolver v.
I
1. duː, weak form dʊ, də1) hacer*are you doing anything this evening? — ¿vas a hacer algo esta noche?
to have something/nothing to do — tener* algo/no tener* nada que hacer
can I do anything to help? — ¿puedo ayudar en algo?
what have you done to your hair? — ¿qué te has hecho en el pelo?
I don't know what I'm going to do with you! — no sé qué voy a hacer contigo!; see also do with
2) ( carry out) \<\<job/task\>\> hacer*to do one's homework — hacer* los deberes
3) ( as job)what do you do? — ¿usted qué hace or a qué se dedica?
what does he do for a living? — ¿en qué trabaja?
4) (achieve, bring about)she's done it: it's a new world record — lo ha logrado: es una nueva marca mundial
he's late again: that does it! — vuelve a llegar tarde esto ya es la gota que colma el vaso!
to do something for somebody/something: that mustache really does something for him la verdad es que le queda muy bien el bigote; what has EC membership done for Greece? — ¿en qué ha beneficiado a Grecia ser miembro de la CE?
5)a) (fix, arrange, repair)b) ( clean) \<\<dishes\>\> lavar; \<\<brass/windows\>\> limpiar6) (make, produce)a) \<\<meal\>\> preparar, hacer*would you do the carrots? — ¿me preparas (or pelas etc) las zanahorias?
b) \<\<drawinganslation\>\> hacer*7) (BrE) ( offer)they do a set meal for £12 — tienen un menú de 12 libras
8) (suffice for, suit)two shirts will do me — con dos camisas me alcanza or tengo suficiente
9) ( travel)the car has only done 4,000 miles — el coche sólo tiene 4.000 millas
10)a) ( study) estudiarb) ( visit) (colloq) \<\<sights/museum\>\> visitar11) ( Theat)a) ( play role of) hacer* el papel deb) ( take part in) \<\<play\>\> actuar* enc) ( impersonate) imitar12) (colloq) ( serve in prison) cumplir13) (BrE colloq)a) (catch, prosecute) agarrarb) ( cheat) estafar, timarI've been done! — me han estafado or timado!
14) ( use) (sl)to do drugs — drogarse*, consumir drogas
15) (colloq) ( finish) terminarare o (esp BrE) have you done complaining? — ¿has terminado de quejarte?
2.
vi1) (act, behave) hacer*2) (get along, manage)how are you doing? — ¿qué tal estás or andas or te va?
how do you do? — ( as greeting) mucho gusto, encantado
how do? — (colloq & dial) ¿qué tal?
how are we doing for time/cash? — ¿cómo or qué tal vamos or andamos de tiempo/dinero?
she did well/badly in her exams — le fue bien/mal en los exámenes
to do well/badly out of something — salir* bien/mal parado de algo
3) (go on, happen) (colloq) (in -ing form)nothing doing! — ni hablar!, ni lo sueñes!
4)a) (be suitable, acceptable)look, this won't do! — mira, esto no puede ser!
it's not ideal, but it'll do — no es lo ideal, pero sirve
I'm not going to cook, bread and cheese will do for them! — no pienso cocinar, se tendrán que conformar con pan y queso
b)to do for o as something: this box will do for o as a table — esta caja nos servirá de mesa
5) ( be enough) ser* suficiente, alcanzar*, bastarone bottle will do — con una botella basta or es suficiente
6) ( finish) (in past p) terminarI'm not o (BrE) I haven't done yet! — no he terminado todavía
7)
3.
1) Sense Iv aux [El verbo auxiliar do se usa para formar el negativo (I 1) y el interrogativo (I 2), para agregar énfasis (I 3) o para sustituir a un verbo usado anteriormente (II)]2)a) (used to form negative)I do not o don't know — no sé
I did not o didn't see her — no la vi
b) (with inversion after negative adv)3)a)Ex:does this belong to you? — ¿esto es tuyo?did I frighten you? — ¿te asusté?/Ex:b)Ex:boy, do you need a bath! — Dios mío! qué falta te hace un baño!/Ex:4)a)( emphasizing)Ex:you must admit, she did look ill — tienes que reconocer que tenía mala carado be quiet! — ¿te quieres callar?/Ex:b)Ex:I haven't decided, but if I do accept... — todavía no lo he decidido, pero si aceptara.../Ex:not only does it cost more, it also... — no sólo cuesta más, sino que también...
c) ( in legal formulae)5)Ex:do you live here? - yes, I do/no, I don't — ¿vives aquí? - sí/noshe wanted to come, but he didn't — ella quería venir, pero él noshe found it in your drawer - oh, did she? — lo encontró en tu cajón - ¿ah, sí?I don't need a haircut - yes, you do! — no necesito cortarme el pelo - cómo que no!she says she understands, but she doesn't — dice que comprende, pero no es así/Ex:6)Ex:you know Bob, don't you? — conoces a Bob, ¿no? or ¿verdad? or ¿no es cierto?I told you, didn't I? — te lo dije ¿no? or ¿no es cierto?/Ex:I, Charles Brown, do solemnly swear that... — yo, Charles Brown, juro solemnemente que...
•Phrasal Verbs:- do down- do for- do in- do out- do over- do up- do with
II duː1) c (party, gathering) (colloq) fiesta f, reunión f2) ( state of affairs) (colloq) (no pl)fair dos — (BrE colloq)
fair dos all round — a partes iguales para todos; (as interj) seamos justos!
3)do's and don'ts — ( rules) normas fpl
III dəʊ
I [duː] ( 3rd pers sing present does) (pt did) (pp done)1. TRANSITIVE VERB1) hacerwhat are you doing tonight? — ¿qué haces esta noche?
what's this doing on my chair? — ¿qué hace esto en mi silla?
what's to be done? — ¿qué se puede hacer?
what's the weather doing? — ¿qué tal tiempo hace?
•
to do sth again — volver a hacer algo, hacer algo de nuevoit will have to be done again — habrá que volver a hacerlo, habrá que hacerlo de nuevo
•
what's he ever done for me? — ¿qué ha hecho él por mí?what can I do for you? — ¿en qué puedo servirle?, ¿qué se le ofrece? (LAm)
could you do something for me? — ¿me podrías hacer un favor?
what are we going to do for money? — ¿de dónde vamos a sacar dinero?
the new measures will do a lot for small businesses — las nuevas medidas serán de gran ayuda para las pequeñas empresas
after the accident she couldn't do much for herself — después del accidente casi no podía valerse por sí misma
•
if you do anything to him I'll kill you — si le haces algo te matowhat's he done to his hair? — ¿qué se ha hecho en el pelo?
•
what have you done with my slippers? — ¿dónde has puesto mis zapatillas?what am I going to do with you? — ¿qué voy a hacer contigo?
what are you doing with yourself these days? — ¿qué haces ahora?
what am I going to do with myself for the rest of the day? — ¿qué puedo hacer el resto del día?
living 2., 1)she didn't know what to do with herself once the children had left home — se encontró un poco perdida cuando sus hijos se fueron de casa
2) (=carry out) [+ work, essay] hacerSome [do] + noun combinations require a more specific Spanish verb:•
he did a drawing/ portrait of her — la dibujó/retrató, hizo un dibujo/retrato de ella•
to do one's duty (by sb) — cumplir con su deber (con algn)3) (=clean)4) (=arrange, prepare) [+ vegetables] preparar; [+ room] hacer, arreglarhair 1., 1)this room needs doing — hay que hacer or arreglar esta habitación
5) (=spend) pasar6) (=finish)now you've (gone and) done it! * — ¡ahora sí que la has hecho buena! *
that's done it! * we're stuck now — ¡la hemos fastidiado! * ahora no podemos salir de aquí
that does it! * that's the last time I lend him my car — ¡es el colmo! or ¡hasta aquí hemos llegado!, es la última vez que le dejo el coche
good 2., 2)have you done moaning? * — ¿has acabado de quejarte?
7) (=offer, make available)8) (=study) [+ university course, option] hacer, estudiarI want to do Physics at university — quiero hacer or estudiar física en la universidad
to do Italian — hacer or estudiar italiano
9) (Theat) [+ play] representar, poner; [+ part] hacer10) (=mimic) [+ person] imitar11) (Aut, Rail etc) (=travel at) [+ speed] ir a; (=cover) [+ distance] cubrir12) (=attend to)proud13) * (=visit) [+ city, museum] visitar, recorrer; [+ country] visitar, viajar por14) * (=be suitable, sufficient for)will a kilo do you? — ¿le va bien un kilo?
that'll do me nicely — (=be suitable) eso me vendrá muy bien; (=suffice) con eso me basta
15) * (=cheat) estafar, timar; (=rob) robarI've been done! — ¡me han estafado or timado!
16) * (=prosecute) procesar; (=fine) multar17) * (=beat up) dar una paliza aI'll do you if I get hold of you! — ¡te voy a dar una paliza como te pille!
2. INTRANSITIVE VERB1) (=act) hacer•
you would do better to accept — sería aconsejable que aceptaras•
do as you think best — haga lo que mejor le parezca•
do as you are told! — ¡haz lo que te digo!•
she was up and doing at 6 o'clock — a las 6 de la mañana ya estaba levantada y trajinando•
you would do well to take his advice — harías bien en seguir su consejowell I, 1., 1)•
you could do a lot worse than marry her — casarte con ella no es lo peor que podrías hacer2) (=get on)•
he did badly in the exam — le fue mal en el examen•
you can do better than that — (essay, drawing) puedes hacerlo mejor; iro (=find better excuse) ¡y qué más!•
how is your father doing? — ¿cómo está tu padre?, ¿cómo le va a tu padre?how are you doing? * — ¿qué tal?, ¿cómo te va?
how did you do in the audition? — ¿qué tal or cómo te fue en la audición?
how do you do? (greeting) ¿cómo está usted?, gusto en conocerlo (LAm); (as answer) ¡mucho gusto!, ¡encantado!•
he's doing well at school — le va bien en el colegio3) (=be suitable)•
it doesn't do to upset her — cuidado con ofenderla•
will this one do? — ¿te parece bien este?will it do if I come back at eight? — ¿va bien si vuelvo a las ocho?
will tomorrow do? — ¿iría bien mañana?
it's not exactly what I wanted, but it will or it'll do — no es exactamente lo que quería pero servirá
•
that won't do, you'll have to do it again — así no está bien, tendrás que volver a hacerlomake 1., 4)•
you can't go on your own, that would never do! — no podemos consentir que vayas sola, ¡eso no puede ser!4) (=be sufficient) bastar•
three bottles of wine should do — bastará con tres botellas de vino•
will £20 do? — ¿bastarán 20 libras?, ¿tendrás bastante con 20 libras?that will do! — ¡basta ya!
5) (=happen)"could you lend me £50?" - "nothing doing!" — -¿me podrías prestar 50 libras? -¡de ninguna manera! or -¡ni hablar!
have you done? — ¿ya has terminado or acabado?
don't take it away, I've not done yet — no te lo lleves, ¡aún no he terminado or acabado!
I haven't done telling you — ¡no he terminado de contarte!
•
I've done with travelling — ya no voy a viajar más, he renunciado a los viajesI've done with all that nonsense — ya no tengo nada que ver or ya he terminado con todas esas tonterías
have you done with that book? — ¿has terminado con este libro?
7) * (=clean) hacer la limpieza (en casa)3. AUXILIARY VERBThere is no equivalent in Spanish to the use of in questions, negative statements and negative commands.do you understand? — ¿comprendes?, ¿entiendes?
where does he live? — ¿dónde vive?
didn't you like it? — ¿no te gustó?
why didn't you come? — ¿por qué no viniste?
2) (negation)I don't understand — no entiendo or comprendo
don't worry! — ¡no te preocupes!
don't you tell me what to do! — ¡no me digas lo que tengo que hacer!
do tell me! — ¡dímelo, por favor!
do sit down — siéntese, por favor, tome asiento, por favor frm
I do wish I could come with you — ¡ojalá pudiera ir contigo!
but I do like it! — ¡sí que me gusta!, ¡por supuesto que me gusta!
so you do know him! — ¡así que sí lo conoces!
rarely does it happen that... — rara vez ocurre que...
a)"did you fix the car?" - "I did" — -¿arreglaste el coche? -sí
"I love it" - "so do I" — -me encanta -a mí también
"he borrowed the car" - "oh he did, did he?" — -pidió el coche prestado -¿ah sí? ¡no me digas!
I like this colour, don't you? — me gusta este color, ¿a ti no?
"do you speak English?" - "yes, I do/no I don't" — -¿habla usted inglés? -sí, hablo inglés/no, no hablo inglés
"may I come in?" - "(please) do!" — -¿se puede pasar? -¡pasa (por favor)!
"who made this mess?" - "I did" — -¿quién lo ha desordenado todo? -fui yo
"shall I ring her again?" - "no, don't!" — -¿la llamo otra vez? -¡no, no la llames!
he lives here, doesn't he? — vive aquí, ¿verdad? or ¿no es cierto? or ¿no?
I don't know him, do I? — no lo conozco, ¿verdad?
it doesn't matter, does it? — no importa, ¿no?
she said that, did she? — ¿eso es lo que dijo?
4. NOUN1) (Brit) * (=party) fiesta f ; (=formal gathering) reunión fthey had a big do for their twenty-fifth anniversary — dieron una gran fiesta por su vigésimo quinto aniversario
2) (in phrases)•
the do's and don'ts of buying a house — lo que debe y lo que no debe hacerse al comprar una casa•
it's a poor do when... — es una vergüenza cuando...- do by- do down- do for- do in- do out- do over- do up- do with
II
[dǝʊ]N (Mus) do m* * *
I
1. [duː], weak form [dʊ, də]1) hacer*are you doing anything this evening? — ¿vas a hacer algo esta noche?
to have something/nothing to do — tener* algo/no tener* nada que hacer
can I do anything to help? — ¿puedo ayudar en algo?
what have you done to your hair? — ¿qué te has hecho en el pelo?
I don't know what I'm going to do with you! — no sé qué voy a hacer contigo!; see also do with
2) ( carry out) \<\<job/task\>\> hacer*to do one's homework — hacer* los deberes
3) ( as job)what do you do? — ¿usted qué hace or a qué se dedica?
what does he do for a living? — ¿en qué trabaja?
4) (achieve, bring about)she's done it: it's a new world record — lo ha logrado: es una nueva marca mundial
he's late again: that does it! — vuelve a llegar tarde esto ya es la gota que colma el vaso!
to do something for somebody/something: that mustache really does something for him la verdad es que le queda muy bien el bigote; what has EC membership done for Greece? — ¿en qué ha beneficiado a Grecia ser miembro de la CE?
5)a) (fix, arrange, repair)b) ( clean) \<\<dishes\>\> lavar; \<\<brass/windows\>\> limpiar6) (make, produce)a) \<\<meal\>\> preparar, hacer*would you do the carrots? — ¿me preparas (or pelas etc) las zanahorias?
b) \<\<drawing/translation\>\> hacer*7) (BrE) ( offer)they do a set meal for £12 — tienen un menú de 12 libras
8) (suffice for, suit)two shirts will do me — con dos camisas me alcanza or tengo suficiente
9) ( travel)the car has only done 4,000 miles — el coche sólo tiene 4.000 millas
10)a) ( study) estudiarb) ( visit) (colloq) \<\<sights/museum\>\> visitar11) ( Theat)a) ( play role of) hacer* el papel deb) ( take part in) \<\<play\>\> actuar* enc) ( impersonate) imitar12) (colloq) ( serve in prison) cumplir13) (BrE colloq)a) (catch, prosecute) agarrarb) ( cheat) estafar, timarI've been done! — me han estafado or timado!
14) ( use) (sl)to do drugs — drogarse*, consumir drogas
15) (colloq) ( finish) terminarare o (esp BrE) have you done complaining? — ¿has terminado de quejarte?
2.
vi1) (act, behave) hacer*2) (get along, manage)how are you doing? — ¿qué tal estás or andas or te va?
how do you do? — ( as greeting) mucho gusto, encantado
how do? — (colloq & dial) ¿qué tal?
how are we doing for time/cash? — ¿cómo or qué tal vamos or andamos de tiempo/dinero?
she did well/badly in her exams — le fue bien/mal en los exámenes
to do well/badly out of something — salir* bien/mal parado de algo
3) (go on, happen) (colloq) (in -ing form)nothing doing! — ni hablar!, ni lo sueñes!
4)a) (be suitable, acceptable)look, this won't do! — mira, esto no puede ser!
it's not ideal, but it'll do — no es lo ideal, pero sirve
I'm not going to cook, bread and cheese will do for them! — no pienso cocinar, se tendrán que conformar con pan y queso
b)to do for o as something: this box will do for o as a table — esta caja nos servirá de mesa
5) ( be enough) ser* suficiente, alcanzar*, bastarone bottle will do — con una botella basta or es suficiente
6) ( finish) (in past p) terminarI'm not o (BrE) I haven't done yet! — no he terminado todavía
7)
3.
1) Sense Iv aux [El verbo auxiliar do se usa para formar el negativo (I 1) y el interrogativo (I 2), para agregar énfasis (I 3) o para sustituir a un verbo usado anteriormente (II)]2)a) (used to form negative)I do not o don't know — no sé
I did not o didn't see her — no la vi
b) (with inversion after negative adv)3)a)Ex:does this belong to you? — ¿esto es tuyo?did I frighten you? — ¿te asusté?/Ex:b)Ex:boy, do you need a bath! — Dios mío! qué falta te hace un baño!/Ex:4)a)( emphasizing)Ex:you must admit, she did look ill — tienes que reconocer que tenía mala carado be quiet! — ¿te quieres callar?/Ex:b)Ex:I haven't decided, but if I do accept... — todavía no lo he decidido, pero si aceptara.../Ex:not only does it cost more, it also... — no sólo cuesta más, sino que también...
c) ( in legal formulae)5)Ex:do you live here? - yes, I do/no, I don't — ¿vives aquí? - sí/noshe wanted to come, but he didn't — ella quería venir, pero él noshe found it in your drawer - oh, did she? — lo encontró en tu cajón - ¿ah, sí?I don't need a haircut - yes, you do! — no necesito cortarme el pelo - cómo que no!she says she understands, but she doesn't — dice que comprende, pero no es así/Ex:6)Ex:you know Bob, don't you? — conoces a Bob, ¿no? or ¿verdad? or ¿no es cierto?I told you, didn't I? — te lo dije ¿no? or ¿no es cierto?/Ex:I, Charles Brown, do solemnly swear that... — yo, Charles Brown, juro solemnemente que...
•Phrasal Verbs:- do down- do for- do in- do out- do over- do up- do with
II [duː]1) c (party, gathering) (colloq) fiesta f, reunión f2) ( state of affairs) (colloq) (no pl)fair dos — (BrE colloq)
fair dos all round — a partes iguales para todos; (as interj) seamos justos!
3)do's and don'ts — ( rules) normas fpl
III [dəʊ] -
17 come
I 1. [kʌm] гл.; прош. вр. came; прич. прош. вр. come1) приходить, подходить; идтиto come back — вернуться, возвратиться
to come forward — выходить вперёд, выступать
I think it's time to come back to the most important question: who is to pay for the new building? — Я думаю, пора вернуться к самому важному вопросу - кто оплатит строительство нового здания?
We'd like to come back next year. — На следующий год мы бы хотели снова приехать сюда.
He'll never come back to her. — Он никогда к ней не вернётся.
Just then a bus came by so we got on and rode home. — Мимо как раз проезжал автобус, мы сели и доехали до дома.
Move aside, please, the firemen want to come by. — Расступитесь, пожалуйста, пожарным нужно пройти.
Godfather, come and see your boy. — Крёстный отец, подойдите же и посмотрите на своего мальчика.
Mary came down the stairs. — Мэри спустилась по лестнице.
The plane came down safely in spite of the mist. — Самолёт благополучно приземлился, несмотря на туман.
Leave them alone and they'll come home, bringing their tails behind them. — Оставь их в покое и они вернутся с поджатыми хвостами.
She comes and goes at her will. — Она приходит и уходит, когда ей заблагорассудится.
A tall man came out from behind the screen. — Из-за перегородки вышел высокий мужчина.
The family must come together for the parents' silver wedding. — На серебряную свадьбу родителей должна собраться вся семья.
Syn:Ant:2)а) приезжать, прибыватьWe have come many miles by train. — Мы приехали на поезде издалека.
Syn:б) = come in / through прибывать (о поезде, пароходе)Syn:Ant:leave II3) ( come into) = come in входитьThe door opened and the children came into the room. — Открылась дверь, и в комнату вошли дети.
"Come in!" called the director when he heard the knock at his door. — "Войдите!" - сказал директор, услышав стук в дверь.
Syn:4) = come in поступать ( об информации)News of the death of the famous actress began coming in just as we were starting the broadcast. — К началу передачи пришло известие о смерти знаменитой актрисы.
I haven't a lot of money coming in just now. — У меня сейчас не очень большие доходы.
Syn:Ant:5)а) доходить, доставать, достигатьThe window came down to the ground. — Окно доходило до земли.
б) доходить, долетать, доноситьсяA message came down to the boys that they were to be ready. — Мальчикам передали, чтобы они приготовились.
The wind came off the ocean. — С океана дул ветер.
A pleasant female voice came over the phone. — В трубке послышался приятный женский голос.
Syn:reach I 2.6) = come out at равняться, составлять; простираться (до какого-л. предела, границы)The bill comes to 357 pounds. — Счёт составляет 357 фунтов.
Overall costs come out at 5,709 dollars. — Общие издержки составят 5709 долларов.
7) ( come to) = come down to сводиться (к чему-л.)His speech comes to this: the country is deeply in debt. — Вся его речь сводится к одному: страна увязла в долгах.
When it all comes down, there isn't much in his story. — По большому счёту, в его истории нет ничего особенного.
The whole matter comes down to a power struggle between the trade union and the directors. — Всё сводится к противостоянию профсоюза и совета директоров.
Syn:8) приходить в соприкосновение с (чем-л.), вступать в связь с (чем-л.)to come into contact with smth. — дотрагиваться до чего-л.
The carbines will come into play. — В игру вступят карабины.
The boat came into collision with a steamer. — Лодка столкнулась с пароходом.
9) переходить в другое состояние, фазу10) ( come to) приступать к (какому-л. делу), обращаться к (какому-л. вопросу)Now I come to the question which you asked. — Теперь я перехожу к вопросу, который вы задали.
11) = come about / along случаться, происходить (с кем-л. / чем-л.)come what may — будь, что будет
to have it coming to one — заслуживать того, что с ним случается ( о человеке)
I'm sorry he got caught by the police, but after all, he had it coming (to him), didn't he? — Мне очень жаль, что его арестовали, но ведь он сам во всём виноват, не так ли?
Don't know what will come of the boy if he keeps failing his examinations. — Не знаю, что станет с этим парнем, если он и дальше будет проваливаться на экзаменах.
Peace can only come about if each side agrees to yield to the other. — Мир настанет только тогда, когда обе стороны пойдут на уступки.
How did it come about that the man was dismissed? — Как так случилось, что его уволили?
Trouble comes along when you least expect it. — Неприятности происходят именно тогда, когда их меньше всего ждёшь.
Take every chance that comes along. — Пользуйся любой предоставляющейся возможностью.
Syn:12) ( come to)а) приходить (в какое-л. состояние); достигать (каких-л. результатов)A compromise was come to. — Был достигнут компромисс.
The boy has no character, he will never come to much. — У этого парня слабый характер, он ничего особенного не добьётся в жизни.
I'm disappointed that my efforts have come to so little. — Я разочарован, что мои усилия принесли так мало результатов.
б) = come down to опуститься (до чего-л.), докатитьсяHe came down to selling matches on street corners. — Он докатился до того, что торгует спичками на улицах.
13) делаться, становитьсяa dream that came true — мечта, ставшая явью
14) предстоять, ожидаться(which is) to come — грядущий; будущий
15) появляться, встречатьсяThis word comes on page 200. — Это слово встречается на странице 200.
16) = come up прорастать, всходитьHe sowed turnips, but none of them came. — Он посеял репу, но она не взошла.
17) груб.; = come off кончить ( испытать оргазм)18) получаться, выходитьHe repainted the figure, but it wouldn't come well. — Он заново нарисовал фигуру, но она всё равно не получилась.
No good could come of it. — Из этого не могло получиться ничего хорошего.
19) = come in поставляться ( о товарах); поступать в продажуThe car comes with or without the rear wing. — Машина поставляется в двух модификациях - с задним крылом и без заднего крыла.
These shoes come with a 30 day guarantee. — Эти туфли продаются с гарантией на один месяц.
The new crop of tobacco will be coming in soon. — Скоро в продаже появится новый урожай табака.
As soon as the fresh vegetables come in, we put them on sale. — Как только к нам поступают свежие овощи, мы сразу выставляем их на продажу.
20) разг.; = come along / onа) давай, двигай вперёдCome along, children, or we'll be late! — Поторапливайтесь, дети, а то опоздаем!
Come along, Jane, you can do better than that. — Давай, Джейн, постарайся, ты же можешь сделать лучше.
б) ври дальше; мели, Емеля, твоя неделяOh, come along! I know better than that! — Кому вы рассказываете! Я лучше знаю.
в) стой, погоди21) come + прич. наст. вр. (начать) делать что-л. ( указанное причастием)The fog came pouring in at every chink and keyhole. (Ch. Dickens, Christmas Carol, 1843) — Туман заползал в каждую щель, просачивался в каждую замочную скважину. (пер. Т. Озерской)
22) come + инф. прийти к чему-л.; дойти до того, чтобы сделать что-л.to come to know smb. better — лучше узнать кого-л.
to come to find out — случайно обнаружить, узнать
23) = come next / on идти, следовать за (кем-л. / чем-л.)I can never remember which king came after which. — Никогда не мог запомнить, какой король шёл за каким.
Mrs Brown was the first to arrive, and her daughter came next. — Первой приехала миссис Браун, затем - её дочь.
I'll go ahead, and you come on later. — Сначала пойду я, потом ты.
The military government refused to allow the people their right to vote, what came next was violence. — Военное правительство отказало людям в праве голосовать, и в результате начались беспорядки.
My family comes first, and my work comes next. — На первом месте для меня семья, на втором - работа.
Syn:24) ( come after) преследовать кого-л., гнаться за кем-л., искать кого-л., домогаться кого-л.I saw a big dog coming after me. — Я увидел, что за мной гонится огромная собака.
25) ( come at) нападать, набрасываться на кого-л.He allegedly came at Jim with a knife. — Как утверждают, он напал на Джима с ножом.
26) ( come at) получить доступ к чему-л., добраться до кого-л. / чего-л.; найти, обнаружить, установить (правду, причины, факты)Put the food where the cat can't come at it. — Положи еду туда, где её не достанет кошка.
I wanted to reply to your letter in detail, but I can't come at it anywhere. — Я хотел подробно ответить на ваше письмо, но нигде не могу его найти.
It is always difficult to come at the truth. — Всегда трудно докопаться до истины.
27) ( come before) предшествовать чему-л.Did the invention of the telephone come before the end of the 19th century? — Телефон изобрели ещё до конца девятнадцатого века?
28) ( come before) превосходить кого-л. рангом; быть более важным, чем что-л.Consideration of a fellow worker's health must come before my own professional pride. — Я должен прежде думать о здоровье коллеги и лишь потом о собственной профессиональной гордости.
29) ( come before) представать (перед судом или какой-л. официальной организацией); рассматриваться ( в суде)When you come before the judge, you must speak the exact truth. — Когда ты говоришь в суде, ты должен говорить чистую правду.
The witness of the accident did not come before the court. — Свидетель этого происшествия не предстал перед судом.
Your suggestion came before the board of directors yesterday, but I haven't heard the result of their meeting. — Ваше предложение было рассмотрено советом директоров вчера, но я не знаю, каков был результат.
Syn:30) ( come between) вмешиваться в чьи-л. дела, вставать между кем-л.; вызывать отчуждение, разделятьNever come between husband and wife. — Никогда не вставай между мужем и женой.
Ten years of separation have come between them. — Их разделяли десять лет разлуки.
Syn:31) ( come between) мешать кому-л. в чём-л.I don't like people who come between me and my work. — Я не люблю людей, которые мешают мне работать.
32) ( come by) доставать, приобретать, находитьIt is not easy to come by a high paying job. — Не так-то просто найти высокооплачиваемую работу.
Syn:33) ( come by) (случайно) получать (царапину, травму)Syn:34) ( come for) заходить за кем-л. / чем-л.I've come for my parcel. — Я пришёл за своей посылкой.
I'll come for you at 8 o'clock. — Я зайду за тобой в 8 часов.
35) ( come for) бросаться на кого-л.The guard dog came for me. — Сторожевая собака бросилась ко мне.
36) (come from / of) происходить, иметь происхождениеThese words come from Latin. — Эти слова латинского происхождения.
I came from a race of fishers. — Я из рыбацкого рода.
He comes from a long line of singers. — Он происходит из старинного рода певцов.
A butterfly comes from a chrysalis. — Бабочка появляется из куколки.
She comes of a good family. — Она происходит из хорошей семьи.
37) (come from / of) = come out from, come out of проистекать из чего-л., получаться в результате чего-л.; появляться (откуда-л.)What results do you expect to come from all this activity? — Каких результатов вы ожидаете от всех этих действий?
Danger comes from unexpected places. — Опасность появляется оттуда, откуда не ожидаешь.
I don't know what will come of your actions. — Не знаю, к чему приведут ваши действия.
What came out from your long talks with the director? — Что вышло из твоих долгих бесед с директором?
Syn:38) = come inа) прибывать (на работу, в учреждение), поступать ( в больницу)б) ( come into) вступать ( в должность), приступать ( к новым обязанностям)39)а) ( come to) = come down доставаться, переходить по наследствуThis painting belongs to us. It came through my mother. — Эта картина принадлежит нам. Она досталась мне от матери.
The house came to me after my father's death. — Этот дом перешёл ко мне после смерти отца.
This ring has come down in my family for two centuries. — Это кольцо передаётся в нашей семье по наследству уже два века.
б) ( come into) получать в наследство, наследоватьCharles came into a fortune when his father died. — Когда отец умер, Чарлз получил состояние.
Syn:40) ( come into) присоединяться, вступать ( в организацию)Several new members have come into the club since Christmas. — С Рождества в клуб приняли несколько новых членов.
41) ( come near) разг. быть на грани чего-л.; чуть не сделать что-л.The boy came near (to) falling off the high wall. — Мальчик едва не свалился с высокой стены.
42) ( come on) снять трубку, ответить ( по телефону)One of the most powerful men in France came on the line. — В трубке раздался голос одного из самых влиятельных людей во Франции.
43) (come over / (up)on) охватывать (кого-л.)Fear came upon him as he entered the empty house. — Когда он зашёл в пустой дом, его охватил страх.
44) ( come through) проникать, просачиваться; пролезать, просовыватьсяThe first light came through the open window. — Первые лучи солнца проникли через открытое окно.
45) ( come through) перенести, пережить (что-л. неприятное или тяжёлое); пройти через что-л.Bill came through his operation as cheerful as ever. — Билл перенёс операцию как обычно бодро.
All my family came through the war. — Вся моя семья пережила войну.
46) ( come through) = come out появляться (из-за туч; о солнце, луне, лучах)The sun came through the clouds for a while. — Солнце ненадолго выглянуло из-за туч.
There was a wisp of sun coming through the mist. — Сквозь туман пробивался солнечный луч.
47) (come across / to) приходить на ум; становиться известным (кому-л.)to come to smb.'s attention / notice — доходить до кого-л., становиться известным кому-л.
It came to my knowledge that... — Я узнал, что…
After ruminating about it for a period of time, suddenly it came to me how it could be done. — После долгих размышлений меня осенило, как можно это сделать.
The thought came across my mind that I had met him before. — Тут мне показалось, что я видел его раньше.
48) ( come under) подчиняться, находиться в ведении (какой-л. организации)This area comes under the powers of the local court. — Эта сфера подпадает под юрисдикцию местного суда.
49) (come under / within) относиться (к чему-л.), попадать (в какой-л. раздел, категорию)all the paperwork that comes under the general heading of insurance — вся канцелярская работа, связанная со страхованием
50) ( come under) подвергаться (нападению, критике, давлению)The town came under attack again last night. — Прошлой ночью на город снова напали.
He came unber biting criticism at the last meeting. — На последнем собрании он подвергся жестокой критике.
51) (come across / upon) натолкнуться на (что-л.), неожиданно найти (что-л.), случайно встретить (кого-л.)I came across this old photograph in the back of the drawer. — Я случайно обнаружил эту старую фотографию на дне секретера.
A very interesting book has come across my desk. — На моём столе случайно оказалась очень интересная книга.
Syn:52) ( come (up)on)а) нападать, атаковатьThe enemy came upon the town by night. — Враг атаковал город ночью.
б) налетать, обрушиваться (на кого-л. / что-л.)The wind with lightening and thunder came on them. — На них налетел ветер с громом и молнией.
•- come by- come in- come off- come on- come out- come to- come up••light come light go — что досталось легко, быстро исчезает
Come again? — разг. Что ты сказал?
to come into being / existence — возникать
to come into season — созревать, появляться в продаже
to come into service / use — входить в употребление
to come into sight / view — появляться, показываться
to come to oneself — прийти в себя; взять себя в руки
to come to a dead end — разг. зайти в тупик
to come to one's feet — вскочить, подняться
not to know whether / if one is coming or going — растеряться, чувствовать себя потерянным; не знать, на каком ты свете
I'm so upset I don't know whether I'm coming or going. — Я так расстроен, что уж и не знаю, что делать.
- come close- come easy
- come natural
- come it too strong
- come of age
- come one's ways
- come one's way
- come clean
- come short of smth.
- come home
- come to a head
- come to hand
- come day go day 2. [kʌm] предл.; разг.с наступлением, с приходом ( момента)II [kʌm] = cum II... but come summer, the beaches would be lined with rows of tents. —... но когда наступит лето, на пляжах появится множество навесов.
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18 meet
I [miːt]1) sport riunione f., raduno m., incontro m.track meet — AE meeting d'atletica
2) BE venat. = raduno di cacciatori prima di una battuta di cacciaII 1. [miːt]1) (encounter) incontrare [ person]; incontrare, affrontare [ team]; affrontare [ enemy]to meet one's death — fig. trovare la morte
2) (make acquaintance of) conoscere, fare la conoscenza di [ person]"pleased to meet you!" — "piacere (di conoscerla)!"
Paul, meet Bob — (as introduction) Paul ti presento Bob
to meet sb. off — BE o
at — AE
the plane — aspettare qcn. all'aeroporto
4) (come into contact with) incontrare, incrociarehis eyes met hers — il suo sguardo incontrò quello di lei, i loro sguardi si incrociarono
5) (fulfil) soddisfare [criteria, conditions]; eseguire [ order]; provvedere a, rispondere a [ needs]; pagare, saldare [ bills]; fare fronte a [costs, debts]; compensare [ loss]; fare onore a, fare fronte a [obligations, commitments]7) (respond to) controbattere [ criticism]2.1) (come together) [ people] incontrarsi; [ teams] affrontarsi, scontrarsi; [committee, parliament] incontrarsi, riunirsi; [ cars] incrociarsito meet again — [ people] rivedersi, incontrarsi ancora
goodbye, till we meet again! — arrivederci! alla prossima volta!
2) (make acquaintance) [ people] fare conoscenza, conoscersi3) (come into contact) [ lips] toccarsi; [roads, eyes] incontrarsi, incrociarsi•- meet up••there's more to this than meets the eye — c'è sotto più di quanto appaia, c'è sotto qualcos'altro
to make ends meet — sbarcare il lunario, fare quadrare i conti
* * *[mi:t] 1. past tense, past participle - met; verb1) (to come face to face with (eg a person whom one knows), by chance: She met a man on the train.) incontrare2) ((sometimes, especially American, with with) to come together with (a person etc), by arrangement: The committee meets every Monday.) riunirsi3) (to be introduced to (someone) for the first time: Come and meet my wife.) fare la conoscenza di4) (to join: Where do the two roads meet?) incontrarsi5) (to be equal to or satisfy (eg a person's needs, requirements etc): Will there be sufficient stocks to meet the public demand?) soddisfare6) (to come into the view, experience or presence of: A terrible sight met him / his eyes when he opened the door.) incontrare7) (to come to or be faced with: He met his death in a car accident.) incontrare8) ((with with) to experience or suffer; to receive a particular response: She met with an accident; The scheme met with their approval.) avere; ricevere9) (to answer or oppose: We will meet force with greater force.) rispondere a2. noun(a gathering, especially of sportsmen: The local huntsmen are holding a meet this week.) riunione- meeting- meet someone halfway
- meet halfway* * *meet (1) /mi:t/n.meet (2) /mi:t/a.(arc.) conveniente; opportuno; appropriato; adatto.♦ (to) meet /mi:t/(pass. e p. p. met)A v. t.1 incontrare; andare (o venire) incontro a; andare all'arrivo di; imbattersi in: to meet sb. by appointment, incontrare q. su appuntamento; I'll meet you at the station, ti verrò incontro (o a prendere) alla stazione; I met my old boyfriend in the street, m'imbattei nel mio ex fidanzato per la strada; DIALOGO → - Organizing a meeting- Why don't I meet you by the coffee machine in five minutes?, perché non ci vediamo al distributore di caffè tra cinque minuti?2 conoscere; fare la conoscenza di; essere presentato a: I met him in Rome, lo conobbi a Roma; I knew him by sight but I'd never met him before, lo conoscevo di vista ma non gli ero mai stato presentato fino ad allora; DIALOGO → - Greetings and other useful phrases- Pleased to meet you, lieto di fare la Sua conoscenza; «piacere!» NOTA D'USO: - to know o to meet?-3 affrontare; far fronte a; fronteggiare; rispondere a; controbattere: to meet the enemy, affrontare il nemico; I met her criticism with a laugh, risposi con una risata alle sue critiche4 venire incontro a (fig.); conformarsi a; soddisfare: to meet sb. 's wishes, venire incontro ai desideri di q.; to meet a requirement [a demand], soddisfare un requisito [una richiesta]5 (fig.) far fronte a; saldare (fig.): to meet one's commitments (o engagements) far fronte ai propri impegni; to meet the gap between home production and domestic demand, colmare il divario fra la produzione e la domanda interne6 (comm.) far onore a; onorare; pagare: to meet a bill at maturity, pagare (o onorare) una cambiale alla scadenza7 ( sport: boxe, ecc.) incontrare, battersi con ( un avversario); ( calcio, ecc.) incontrare, disputare un incontro con8 ( calcio, ecc.) portarsi su ( un pallone); ricevere ( un passaggio): to meet the ball, andare incontro al palloneB v. i.1 incontrarsi; trovarsi; vedersi: We met ( each other) unexpectedly, ci siamo incontrati per caso; When shall we meet again?, quando ci rivedremo?2 far conoscenza; conoscersi: We met last summer, ci siamo conosciuti l'estate scorsa; They'd met before, si conoscevano già3 ( anche to meet together) radunarsi; riunirsi; raccogliersi: The demonstrators met in the square, i manifestanti si radunarono nella piazza5 ( sport: calcio, boxe, ecc.) disputare un incontro; battersi; sfidarsi; giocare: to meet in the final, disputare la finale; to meet in the playoffs, giocare una partita di spareggio● (comm.) to meet competition, sostenere la concorrenza □ (econ.) to meet demand, soddisfare la domanda □ to meet an expense, sostenere una spesa □ to meet the eye, saltare all'occhio □ to meet sb. 's eye, incontrare lo sguardo di q.; sostenere lo sguardo di q. □ to meet sb. halfway, incontrare q. a mezza strada; (fig.) venire incontro a q., venire a un compromesso con q. □ ( sport) to meet the leaders, incontrare i primi in classifica, giocare contro la capolista □ ( anche sport) to meet one's match, incontrare un avversario temibile; trovare pane per i propri denti (fig.) □ ( di un proiettile, ecc.) to meet the target, colpire il bersaglio □ (fig.) to make ( both) ends meet, sbarcare il lunario; far quadrare il bilancio familiare □ ( USA) Meet Mr Jones!, Le presento il signor Jones.* * *I [miːt]1) sport riunione f., raduno m., incontro m.track meet — AE meeting d'atletica
2) BE venat. = raduno di cacciatori prima di una battuta di cacciaII 1. [miːt]1) (encounter) incontrare [ person]; incontrare, affrontare [ team]; affrontare [ enemy]to meet one's death — fig. trovare la morte
2) (make acquaintance of) conoscere, fare la conoscenza di [ person]"pleased to meet you!" — "piacere (di conoscerla)!"
Paul, meet Bob — (as introduction) Paul ti presento Bob
to meet sb. off — BE o
at — AE
the plane — aspettare qcn. all'aeroporto
4) (come into contact with) incontrare, incrociarehis eyes met hers — il suo sguardo incontrò quello di lei, i loro sguardi si incrociarono
5) (fulfil) soddisfare [criteria, conditions]; eseguire [ order]; provvedere a, rispondere a [ needs]; pagare, saldare [ bills]; fare fronte a [costs, debts]; compensare [ loss]; fare onore a, fare fronte a [obligations, commitments]7) (respond to) controbattere [ criticism]2.1) (come together) [ people] incontrarsi; [ teams] affrontarsi, scontrarsi; [committee, parliament] incontrarsi, riunirsi; [ cars] incrociarsito meet again — [ people] rivedersi, incontrarsi ancora
goodbye, till we meet again! — arrivederci! alla prossima volta!
2) (make acquaintance) [ people] fare conoscenza, conoscersi3) (come into contact) [ lips] toccarsi; [roads, eyes] incontrarsi, incrociarsi•- meet up••there's more to this than meets the eye — c'è sotto più di quanto appaia, c'è sotto qualcos'altro
to make ends meet — sbarcare il lunario, fare quadrare i conti
-
19 drop
[drɔp] 1. гл.1)а) капать; стекать каплями; выступать каплямиWater dropped from the ceiling into the pan on the floor. — Вода капала с потолка в стоящий на полу таз.
Sweat dropped from his brow. — Пот стекал с его лба.
Syn:б) лить, проливать каплями; выпускать по капле2)а) ронятьYou've dropped your comb. — Вы уронили вашу расчёску.
Be careful not to drop the cup. — Смотри не урони чашку.
б) бросать; сбрасыватьI'll drop these letters off as I go home from work. — Я опущу эти письма по дороге с работы.
3)а) валить, сваливать; сшибать, сбиватьI dropped him with a single punch. — Я повалил его одним ударом.
The challenger dropped the champion in the fifth round. — Претендент нокаутировал чемпиона в пятом раунде.
Syn:б) падать; валиться, рушитьсяto drop down on one's knees — опускаться, падать на колени
The apple dropped to the ground. — Яблоко упало на землю.
The bottle dropped onto the floor. — Бутылка упала на пол.
He dropped into a chair. — Он упал в кресло.
The sword dropped out of his hand. — Меч выпал у него из рук.
The roof has dropped in. — Крыша обвалилась.
The climber dropped to his death. — Альпинист разбился насмерть.
One of the buttons has dropped off and I can't find it. — Одна из пуговиц оторвалась, и я не могу её найти.
The bottom has dropped out of the market. — Рынок обрушился.
Syn:Everyone worked till they dropped. — Все работали до тех пор, пока не кончались силы.
I feel ready to drop. — Я падаю с ног от усталости.
5)а) опускатьсяHis jaw dropped. — У него отвисла челюсть.
б) опускатьto drop one's eyes / gaze — опустить взгляд, потупить взор
в) охот. припадать к земле (при виде дичи; об охотничьей собаке)6) = drop away; = drop off идти круто вниз, обрыватьсяThe cliff dropped away at his feet. — Утёс круто обрывался у него под ногами.
7)а) снижаться, понижаться, уменьшатьсяThe temperature dropped to the freezing point last night. — Прошлой ночью температура опустилась до нуля.
Sales always drop in the spring. — Продажи весной всегда падают.
Syn:б) снижать, понижать, уменьшатьHe dropped his voice. — Он понизил голос.
Syn:8) = drop downа) спускаться, плыть по течениюAt the turn of the tide the boats began to drop down the harbour. — При отливе лодки начали спускаться к гавани.
9) умеретьPeople dropped like flies within weeks of being diagnosed. — Люди гибли как мухи через несколько недель после того, как им ставили диагноз.
I lay five to two, Mathilda drops in a year. (W. M. Thackeray) — Ставлю пять к двум, что Матильда через год умрёт.
10)а) кончаться, прекращатьсяThis TV show dropped after only three months. — Это телешоу и трёх месяцев не продержалось.
б) прекращатьThe rehabilitation program was dropped by the local authority. — Программа по реабилитации была прекращена местными властями.
Plans for a new bridge were dropped due to the lack of funding. — От планов по строительству нового моста пришлось отказаться из-за отсутствия средств.
в) прекращать обсуждать (что-л.); прекращаться ( о дискуссии)Look, can we just drop it? — Послушай, можем мы оставить тему?
I'd rather let the matter drop. — Я бы предпочёл больше не обсуждать это.
г) бросать (заниматься какой-л. деятельностью)to drop German — бросить немецкий, бросить заниматься немецким языком
Drop everything and come at once. — Бросай все дела и приходи немедленно.
Syn:11) снимать, отменять, аннулировать12) разг. бросать, оставлять, покидать ( близких)He dropped all his old friends. — Он бросил всех своих старых друзей.
Syn:13)а) исключать, пропускать, опускать (что-л.); не произносить ( звук в слове)When you drop a stitch on a row you are working, pick it up immediately and replace it. — Если вы пропустили петлю в рабочем ряду, сразу же наберите вместо неё новую.
This article won't be of interest to our readers. Let's drop it. — Эта статья не представляет интереса для наших читателей. Давайте не будем её брать.
Syn:б) = drop out выпадать (о звуке, букве в слове); выходить из употребления ( о слове)This word has dropped out of use. — Это слово вышло из употребления.
14) разг.He was afraid he would drop several thousand pounds. — Он боялся, что потеряет на этом несколько тысяч фунтов.
в) запускать в обращение (фальшивые деньги, поддельные чеки)Both lots of notes were printed on the Continent and are being 'dropped' in this country. — Обе партии банкнот были отпечатаны на континенте и сбываются в нашей стране.
15) нарк. глотать, принимать ( жидкие наркотики в количестве нескольких капель)She had dropped some LSD and had been tripping for an unknown number of hours. — Она приняла порцию ЛСД и неизвестно сколько времени находилась в отключке.
16)а) сказать невзначай, мимоходомto drop a word in favour of smb. — замолвить за кого-л. словечко
to drop names — фамильярно употреблять громкие имена, хвастаться знакомством с известными людьми
He let it drop that the famous musician was a close friend of his. — Он обмолвился, что знаменитый музыкант - его близкий друг.
б) кратко набросать (записку, чертёж)to drop a line/note — черкнуть несколько строк
I dropped a draft. — Я набросал чертёж.
17)а) родиться ( о животном)б) родить детёнышей; окотиться; отелиться; ожеребиться; откладывать яйца18) карт. сбрасывать карту19) спорт. забивать гол с полулёта, производить удар с полулёта ( в регби)They dropped her from the team because of leg injury. — Её не включили в команду из-за травмы ноги.
Syn:not include, leave out21) ( drop behind) отставать от (кого-л. / чего-л.)He dropped behind the other runners. — Он отстал от остальных бегунов.
We thought the horse would win, but he dropped behind halfway through the race. — Мы думали, эта лошадь победит, но она сильно отстала на середине дистанции.
Syn:22) ( drop across) наталкиваться на (что-л. / кого-л.), случайно встретиться с (кем-л.)I dropped across an old friend in town today. — Сегодня в городе я столкнулся со старым знакомым.
Syn:23)а) зайти мимоходом, нанести неожиданный визит, забежать, заглянуть (куда-л. / к кому-л.)to drop in for tea — зайти, заглянуть на чашку чая
to drop in at smb.'s place / on smb. — зайти к кому-л.
Let's drop on Jim on our way back. — Давай на обратном пути зайдём к Джиму.
Since we're in the neighborhood, why don't we drop in at my brother's? — Раз уж мы тут поблизости, то почему бы не зайти к моему брату?
Let's drop down to his summer home and see if he's there. — Давай заедем к нему на дачу, вдруг он там.
Look who's just dropped in! — Ба, кто к нам пришёл!
б) drop + нареч. постепенно перемещаться, перемещаться поочерёдноThen one by one the guests dropped off. — Затем гости постепенно разошлись.
Hundreds of people dropped in to buy a copy at the presentation, with some lining up as early as 9 pm. — Сотни людей всё просачивались в магазин, чтобы на презентации купить себе экземпляр книги, некоторые занимали очередь с 9 часов вечера.
One by one, each jet banked and dropped away from the formation. — Один за другим, самолёты закладывали вираж и покидали боевой «клин».
The defender dropped back behind his teammate. спорт. — Защитник отступил, чтобы оказаться позади товарища по команде (и не создавать положения «вне игры»).
Many of the Confederate troops dropped back to better cover. воен. — Многие из частей конфедератов отошли в укрытие.
24) ( drop on) проявлять (назойливое) внимание к (кому-л.), останавливать свой выбор на (ком-л.)The examiner can drop on any student to answer questions. — Экзаменатор может задать вопрос любому студенту.
Why drop on me? It's not my fault. — Что ты ко мне цепляешься? Я тут при чём?
25)а) drop + прил. (быстро) погружаться (в какое-л. состояние)to drop into a film / book — с головой погрузиться в фильм, книгу
to drop into a habit of doing smth. — иметь обыкновение делать что-л.
We soon dropped back into the old life of sight-seeing and shopping. — Вскоре мы вновь вернулись к нашей прежней жизни - осмотру достопримечательностей и хождению по магазинам.
26) drop + сущ. называет действие по значению существительного•- drop back
- drop behind
- drop in
- drop off
- drop out
- drop through••to drop a brick / clanger — допустить промах, попасть впросак
to drop smth. like a hot potato — поспешить избавиться от чего-л.
to drop a line / note — черкнуть несколько строк
Drop dead! груб. — Иди к чёрту!, Отвали!, Проваливай!, Пошёл на фиг!
to drop a bombshell разг. — повергнуть в шок, ошеломить неожиданным известием
- drop a dime- drop short 2. сущ.1) капляDrops of water sparkled in the sunlight. — Капли воды сверкали на солнце.
drop by drop — капля за каплей, по капле; медленно и постепенно
2) слеза; капля дождя; капля росы; капля пота; капелька кровиThey would be faithful to him to the last drop. — Они будут верны ему до последней капли крови.
Syn:3) ( drops) мед. капли4) небольшое количество, капляAdd a drop of Tabasco and mix well. — Добавь чуточку соуса табаско и хорошенько перемешай.
Syn:to have a drop in one's eye — быть навеселе, выпить
I have had a drop, but I had not been drinking. — Я опрокинул чуть-чуть, но я не пил.
6) подвеска (у люстры, канделябра); серьга7) драже; леденец; печенье круглой формы8) падение, понижение, снижениеThe drop in temperature was a relief. — Снижение температуры привело к улучшению состояния.
Syn:9) удар по мячу, отскочившему от земли, удар с полулета ( в футболе)Syn:10) спорт. укороченный удар (резкий удар вниз через сетку; в теннисе, бадминтоне)11) карт. сбрасывание карты ( обычно в бридже)12) авиа сбрасывание с самолета боеприпасов, снабжения; сбрасывание десанта13) приземление самолета, ракеты14) ( the drop) амер.; разг. преимуществоto get the drop on smb. — получить преимущество перед (кем-л.)
to have the drop on smb. — иметь преимущество перед (кем-л.)
He had got the drop on us, and he knew it. — Он получил преимущество над нами, и знал об этом.
Two of us can handle it. We shall have the drop on them. — Мы вдвоем с этим справимся. У нас перед ними будет преимущество.
15) потомство, помёт ( у животных)The bulk of the lambs consisted of this season's drop. — Основная часть ягнят представляла собой помёт этого года..
16) падающее устройство; падающая дверца; трап17) пластинка, закрывающая замочную скважину18) театр.; = act drop; = drop-curtain занавес, опускаемый между действиями19) опускающаяся подставка, люк ( виселицы); виселицаIt comes to the morning when he is going to get the drop. — Приближается утро, когда его должны повесить.
20) крим. укрыватель или скупщик краденогоSyn:21)а) тайник для краденого; шпионский тайник22) амер. щель, прорезь (в почтовом ящике, для монеты или жетона в автомате)23) разг. деньги, даваемые в качестве пожертвования или взяткиA halfpenny's the usual drop. — Полпенни - это обычная сумма для подаяния.
24) высота, расстояние сверху внизSometimes the rope slipped, or the drop was insufficient. — Иногда развязывалась веревка, иногда высота оказывалась недостаточной.
25) обрыв, откосThe road ends abruptly in a drop to the sea. — Дорога внезапно кончается резким обрывом к морю.
Syn:••a drop in the / a bucket / the ocean — капля в море
См. также в других словарях:
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